Henry VIII Essay

1. Did Henry VIII have the right to manage his marriages to his own advantage? In my opinion, I do not think so.   While it is understandable he needed a son to succeed him and to continue the Tudor name, he did not have the right manage his marriages for the sake of political expediency.   It is also revealed in studies made on the history of the Tudors is that Henry VIII was notoriously licentious.   His authority as king did not give him the right to change the rules. At the time, England was Catholic and it turned to Rome for moral guidance and when Henry did not get annulment, he changed policy and subordinated the church of England under him and his successors and this was all because he could not have a son.   Furthermore, he executed two of his wives and ironically, one of them, Anne Boleyn, produced his eventual successor, his daughter who would become Elizabeth I, one of England’s greatest monarchs. 2. Should a royal figure be held to a different moral code than his spouse and subjects? Why or why not? No.   Monarchs, regardless of their title, are still human.   Their title and privileges do not make them infallible.   They are also human and therefore prone to error.   They should not hide behind their authority to justify their wrongdoings as what most of them did in history.   They have to answer to someone and unfortunately, they cannot use God.   This is the reason why the philosophers of the Enlightenment eschewed the Divine Right theory when they saw it being abused. If monarchs believed they were ordained by God, how come their people hate them? If monarchs are considered beyond reproach, one needs to wonder why Louis XI was overthrown during the French Revolution or Charles I of England and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia were executed.   These examples demonstrate that the Divine Right is passà © and the reason why some monarchies cease to exist. Those that do exist are prudent enough to relinquish most of their power when they senses the changing times.

Scientific Method and Scientist Perspective View

Science is a venture that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanation and prediction about what are the things that is happening in the world. A closely related meaning of this is Aristotle’s scientific view, which is scientific knowledge is a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained. Objectivity in the field of science is recognized with the property of scientific measurement that can be tested from the scientist who proposes them freely. So, it is strongly connected to the aim of testability and reproducibility. To be identified as an objective, the results of measurement must be passed on from person to person and then to be verified for third parties, to be able to understand by the objective world. In my opinion, I believe science is objective because as a scientist perspective view all explanation and prediction must be precise and accurate. And I believe scientist don’t just believe on people’s perspective view. One example of this is when religious people believed that God created everything usually scientist will not believe it without any explanation so they tend to research things that will lead them to their findings. Like the creation of human they believe that human were first apes but due to the environmental changes, this apes tend to adapt to the environment and slowly evolve in to humans. There are a lot of things that affect the objectivity of science. First, the selection of the specific object to measure is typically a subjective decision and it often involves reductionism. One example of this is in an experiment when a scientist is determining a specific finding usually he determines his finding by using subjective interpretation of quantifying terms such as â€Å"cold†, â€Å"hot†, â€Å"blue†, â€Å"tiny†, â€Å"huge†, and â€Å"small†, â€Å"large†, â€Å"gigantic†, â€Å"red†, and some other adjectives that could describe their experiment. Second is the selection of instruments and measurement methodology. Some features or qualities of the object under study will be ignored in the measurement process, and the limitations of the chosen instruments will cause data to be left out of consideration. One example of this is when a scientist wants to know the temperature of the area. He can either use the thermometer to measure directly the temperature or use the barometer to know the humidity of the air and determine the temperature. These two devices can give two different results which can result to a skewed decision. In addition absolute limits of objectivity surrounding the measurement process, can give community of researchers certain â€Å"subjective views†, and this subjectivity is therefore built in to the conceptual systems. In my opinion, we can do a lot of things to improve the objectivity of science. We can avoid the variety of subjective interpretation by using measuring tools like measuring tools like meter stick, stopwatches, thermometer, barometer, electromechanical measuring instruments like the spectrometers, voltmeters, timers, oscilloscopes and gravimeters. These devices eliminate the perspective variability of individual observers. An additional objectivity of science we can also develop the avoiding of such partiality like the cognitive bias, which is an outline of variation in judgment that happens in particular situations, cultural bias, which is the occurrence of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards innate to one’s own culture and sampling bias, is an error that causes some members of the population to not be included than others by doing random sampling and double-bind trials Random sampling is taking a number of independent observations from the same probability distribution, without involving any real population while in the other hand double-bind trials is an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment.

An Investigation into the Impact of Branding on Growth of Tablet Dissertation - 2

An Investigation into the Impact of Branding on Growth of Tablet Computer for the UK Market - Dissertation Example Only 18 per cent of respondents believe that tablet PC prices will be more affordable in future. Nearly 88 per cent of respondents believe that the future of the tablet PC in the UK market is bright. Perfect correlation was observed between variables V1 (Without promotion nobody would have known about Tablet PCs) & V2 (I would buy an unbranded Tablet PC, because it would be considerably cheaper than the branded ones); (‘r’ = 0.96). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V1 (Without promotion nobody would have known about Tablet PCs) & V19 (Tablet PC will replace the PC in future) (‘r’ = 0.96). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V2 (I would buy an unbranded Tablet PC, because it would be considerably cheaper than the branded ones) & V18 (‘r’ = 0.97). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V2 (I would buy an unbranded Tablet PC, because it would be considerably cheaper than the branded ones) & V19 (Tablet PC will replace the PC in future) (‘r’ = 0.95). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V3 (Advertisement have helped me to learn about Tablet PCs) & V4 (Promotion is helping the Tablet PC market in UK) (‘r’ = 0.97). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V3 (Advertisement have helped me to learn about Tablet PCs) & V15 (Tablet PCs are more useful than mobile phones) (‘r’ = 0.95). ... Perfect correlation was observed between variables V4 (Promotion is helping the Tablet PC market in UK) & V16 (Tablet PCs are more useful than laptops and PCs) (‘r’ = 0.99). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V5 (Without promotion effort, I wouldn’t have known about the Tablet PCs) & V14 (Tablet PCs are useful products) (‘r’ = 0.99). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V15 (Tablet PCs are more useful than mobile phones) & V16 (Tablet PCs are more useful than laptops and PCs) (‘r’ = 0.96). 4.1.2 Other findings of the quantitative survey Findings from GPA scorecard Respondents accorded their highest approval to variable V15 â€Å"tablet PCs are more useful than mobile phones† (GPA = 80). This is followed by the variable V4 â€Å"promotion is helping the tablet PC market in UK† (GPA = 76). Closely behind this was V16, which stated, â€Å"Tablet PCs are more useful than laptops and PCs† (GPA = 75). The next highest scoring variable was V3, which stated that, â€Å"Advertisement has helped me to learn about tablet PCs) (GPA = 71. Respondents awarded GPA score of 63 to variable V14, which states that tablet PCs are useful products. However, the respondents accorded their least approval to the variable V19, which stated that tablet PC will replace the PC in future (GPA = 45). A marginally better score was accorded to variable V1, which stated that without promotion nobody would have known about the tablet PC. 4.1.3 Findings from qualitative survey The respondents believed that branding has helped the tablet PC market to grow in general in the world and particularly in the UK market. Branding helped to brand recall by bringing the memory of the brand at the time purchasing decisions are made. The

REAL ESTATE URBAN PLANNING PRACTICES IN EUROPE + GEOGRAPHY Essay

REAL ESTATE URBAN PLANNING PRACTICES IN EUROPE + GEOGRAPHY - Essay Example Therefore, economic efficiency entails producing the right (allocative) amount in the proper manner (productive efficiency). Distributional-justice means the distribution of impacts between known societal cohorts such as the rich or the poor, those owning cars and those without. It focuses on the minimization of the segregation or discrimination of each group based on classes in order to ascertain equity (McIntosh, 2004). In this essay, the researcher seeks to investigate and uncover the reasons behind the contradiction between the conventional economic efficiency frameworks in Europe by argument for and against the proportion that in Europe, economic efficiency calls for expansion of large shopping centres, usually out-of-town, while environmental and distributional-justice considerations often indicate that retailing should remain within the urban area / town centre. Europe’s economic efficiency calls for expansion of large shopping centres, usually out-of-town. Urban planning policy makers in Europe have shifted their attention to advice owners of large shopping centers to diversify off-cities. The urban planners advocate for such a strategy in order to ensure resource efficiency based on the utilization of the limited resources in a more sustainable manner. Such a strategy points towards the EU’s vision pushing for the economic growth while respecting scarcity of resources and planetary boundaries. The proponents of such strategies hold that economic efficiency is only achievable through ensuring both allocative and productive efficiency. Millions of Companies and consumers need to transform their production and consumption frameworks. Such transformation are feasible through a harmonious interactions of policy, investment, financing and innovation. The EU†s 2020 growth strategy projects a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy. A Roadmap to a resource-efficient Europe is the blueprint (Committee on spatial development,

Was Deng Xiaoping's Foreign Policy a Success or a Failure Research Paper

Was Deng Xiaoping's Foreign Policy a Success or a Failure - Research Paper Example Though China fought with the US in Korea and in case of Taiwan in his period he was successful in being a strategic partner for the US and achieving MFN status for his country. Though Korea and Japan are trade partners for the US in Asia, the policies of the US regarding China even dominated election manifesto of that Country. When discussing the foreign policy of Deng Xiao Ping, it is reasonable to mention about the US. The underlying reason is that in the post-cold war period, US emerged as a single superpower and any country’s foreign policy was compelled to keep the US in consideration if it wants to be a major partner in world trade. Deng’s policy was the matter of discussion because China developed links with the US despite confrontation in past and present (Taiwan). The significant feature in the Deng’s foreign policy is recognizing the US as a sole superpower in the post-cold war period. The growth of China compelled the US to treat human rights and econo mic benefits separately. Development of Sino US relations: From the date of sworn in of George Bush in 1989 till the end of the two-term presidency of Bill Clinton Sino American relations took a dramatic change. Bush even visited China before visiting Europe to state the new priorities and China reciprocated in the same way US responses.1 The communication gap between China and the Soviet Union, the downward trend of Soviet Union’s economy, George Bush’s diplomacy in meeting China’s leadership before Gorbachev met them made this foreign policy a successful thing for PRC (People's Republic of China). In the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square incident, China’s top leadership recognized that the US has its own compulsions regarding the moral and human values. From that point in time, both the countries started responding cautiously to each other’s acts and deeds.  

Response of the United States to the Katarina Catastrophe Assignment - 7

Response of the United States to the Katarina Catastrophe - Assignment Example However, the administration lacks proper and efficient methods, hence failing to convince international partners to venture into the project. With this knowledge, the government has no other way but to come up with detailed procedures for accepting foreign aid. The first step entails setting up a communication protocol with a mandate to request for tailored support in a discreetly proper method (Lasser, 2012). National Preparedness and Response Authority (NPRA) creation and enactment will benefit in the provision of grave leadership for alertness and response to cataclysms. With the task, the NPRA, therefore, needs qualified and experienced leaders in crisis management. In addition, the technic used together with the staff needs real and professional knowledge in disaster management and justification (Bissell, 2014). The NPRA integrates inclusive approaches to crisis management, which involves readiness, response, repossession, and mitigation. Essential infrastructures that include energy and telecommunication system look up to the NPRA for protection from harm and recovery in case of a previous natural disaster encounter. For efficiency and systemic procedures, the establishment of regional offices will help coordinate the response process effectively. It is also the mandate of local agencies to identifying and tailor response to disasters that affect specified geographical areas (Lasser, 2012). The content of the paper precedes research on how a sea storm resulted to Katrina destructive hurricane. It clearly brings out the effects of Katrina on the population and destroyed properties in the affected areas. It also includes both the merits and demerits of processes used in the handling of the Katrina, with clearly outlined policies and recommendations in case of future occurrence of the same disaster. If followed, future damages will be reduced (Haddow, Bullock, & Coppola, 2014).

QUALITY ASSURANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

QUALITY ASSURANCE - Essay Example Therefore, the management of RWDi decided to appoint a management consultant in order to identify the main reasons for declining sales along with the loss of customers. According to the observation of the consultant, it has been notified that the organisation has never adopted any sort of marketing orientation programme in order to understand consumers’ needs and preferences. In accordance with the consultant’s report, the management of RWDi took certain imperative initiatives such as deliverance of quality training for all of its staff for the purpose of mitigating its vulnerable business situation. With this concern, the report intends to discuss the concept of quality along with total quality and identification of hard as well as soft problems faced by RWDi. Moreover, certain effective solutions and proper evaluation regarding the improvement of RWDIs’ vulnerable situation will also be depicted in the report. 2.0 Concept of Quality and Total Quality Quality Th e perception of quality is typically regarded to be one of the major and wide-ranging concepts that ensure to offer superior value of products or services according to the needs and preferences of the consumers. ... liverance of quality products is regarded to be one of the vital elements that raise productivity which, in turn, leads towards generating greater revenue. Moreover, the efficiency of offering quality products can also augment employment opportunities as well as technological advancement to a significant extent (Beckford, 2009). Total Quality Management The idea of Total Quality Management (TQM) can be defined as the level of optimisation and amalgamation of all business activities and processes that facilitate the organisations to comply with the anticipation of their customers (University of Liverpool, n.d.). It is fundamentally viewed to be an effective approach that supports an organisation to enlarge their customer base levels, motivate the workers, maximise revenues as well as minimise costs. An effective practice of TQM is considerably focused on promoting customer’s needs and demands at large. With this regard, it is quite essential for an organisation to identify and understand the needs and desires of the customers in terms of offering quality products or services with the intention of accomplishing its expected business goals (The University of Groningen, 2007). 2.1 Problems Hard Problems According to the case of RWDi, it can be identified that the organisation overlooked the utilisation of marketing orientation programmes for its products, which can be considered as one of the major or hard problems of the organisation. Moreover, lack of implementing TQM programmes can further be considered as another hard problem for RWDi. Soft Problems From the perspective of identifying the soft problems of RWDi, it has been observed that the sales of the organisation were declined and lost valuable customers due to the aforementioned major or hard problems. 3.0

Choose a business function (e.g. marketing HR finance) and outline and Essay - 1

Choose a business function (e.g. marketing HR finance) and outline and discuss the changing nature of work and employment in thi - Essay Example The project tries to explore the key influential factors resulting in such changes with emphasis on the challenges faced by the human resource management departments on organizations. External Factors influencing the changing nature of human resource management practices Few of the major factors that have been undergoing dramatic changes in the global scenario have been increasingly posing threat towards organizations. Consequently their business needs have also undergone changes. Technological factors, the economic challenges, and changes in the local and governmental issues are some of the key factors worth mentioning in this context. Workforce diversities, unions and political factors have also been responsible towards changing the human resource management practices in organizations. Predominantly the organization structure and culture has demonstrated changes. Globalization has generated different forms of human resource management functions in the global competitive environment . Firms which have been competing in the global competitive environment have been facing with numerous new demands on their people and their organizations. They also seem to be pushed into different and contradictory directions. In response to this, new global organizing paradigms are concentrated on the complementarities, and not on the trade-offs, on management processes, not on the organizational structures and procedures. It demonstrates a shift away from the static and traditional solutions to the global business challenges towards the acceptance of global organizations as being an evolving and dynamic network (Pucik, â€Å"Human Resources: An Obstacle to Globalization?†). The changing economic environment has also driven changes in the human resource management practices in firms. With the increasing significance and presence of the MNCs as being crucial players of the global economy, there has also been an increasing interest on the concept of international human resou rce management of these MNCs. In spite of the growing importance of this IHRM as being one of the most innovative sources of competitive advantage, there has been very little research on ways to manage the globally dispersed mass of employees belonging to the MNCs effectively. A number of studies have been conducted by the application of greater theory driven conceptual frameworks, for better understanding of the multinational corporations and the international human resources management practices undertaken in them. Following are some of the findings from the results. Firstly the general result that followed is that the human resource management practices remain localized to reflect the differences in the cultural and regulatory environments between the host and the home countries. This primarily throws light on the fact that these multinational organizations require modifying their parent human resource management practices in the overseas subsidiaries in order to achieve a degree of isomorphism with the environmental institutions of the host countries (Kim & Gray, â€Å"Summary, limitations and suggestions for further research†). Recently organizations are also faced with the growing challenge of confronting and managing workforce diversities. The shifting business realities and the social and demographic changes have increased the workforce diversi

Mapping Your Conflicts Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mapping Your Conflicts Project - Essay Example In â€Å"Eye to Eye† the conflict is a pretty typical and unavoidable part of living together. The dynamics are that of jumping to conclusions, indirect communication, a lack of listening skills, and partial avoidance. Past fears, future implications, and present attitudes are part of the problem, and â€Å"holes† in the couple's communication styles back end the conversation. Their mutually restrictive behavior patterns will eventually cause the conflict to escalate. Keywords: conflict resolution, Hocker-Wilmot, conflict assessment, arguments and misunderstandings, conflict management Conflict Resolution – Seeing Eye to Eye Nature of Conflict The triggering incident of â€Å"Eye to Eye† has a history. On a particular morning, a newly married couple is deciding how to spend their day. She exhibits excitement about spending the day with her husband, but he seems preoccupied. The first dynamic happens when she relinquishes power by giving in when he says â⠂¬Å"let's see how the day goes first.† Her attention turns to the immediate need—household chores. She mentions it, awaits a response, but does not get it. In her mind, the lack of response means that their marriage is headed in the same direction as her parents, whom she says had plenty of 'loud discussions' over house work.

Montessori - Revise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 29750 words

Montessori - Revise - Essay Example Resource books that cover this topic are Music books and art books. 106. The purpose of the Silence Game is about being able to pay attention to details. Its methods entail the use of hand demonstration to explain something without taking. Its benefits are that it enhances the child’s attention to details during demonstrations. 113. The presentation is considered both as a concrete and abstract presentation due to the senses involved in the activity. In this regard, the use of sight in the presentation is considered as abstract while the use of the sense of touch is what qualifies the presentation as a concrete presentation. 116. Explicit directions for presenting the variations have not been included in the presentation so as to enable the child to accurately distinguish items personally and also avoid confusion of the child. 1. The implementation of literary and rhetoric events were the important milestone events in the History of written language. In this regard, rhetoric devices were the devices incorporated in language manipulation so as to transmit the authors message in an effective manner to the reader. On the other hand, literary devices were used in literature that had a basic universal role of language expression to readers as an art form. 2. The term emergent literacy refers to how children interact with book through reading and writing. It is also a gradual process that takes place from the time a child is born to the time they know how to read and write. 4. Reading area is a very sensitive area for a child and therefore it is very important to make this environment comfortable, reading area can be enhanced by Promoting images or pictures. This provides an enjoyable environment for learning. 6. It is important for a children to start public speaking early because it develops their skills, through gaining confidence in their communication . This allow the child to join public

The Interpretation of Dreams Essay Example for Free

The Interpretation of Dreams Essay Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1939. He was an Austrian psychologist who marked the beginning of a modern psychology by providing the first well-organized explanation of the inner mental forces determining human behaviour. Sigmund Freud is universally considered the father of psychoanalysis and many date the birth of pychoanalystic theory from the 1899 publication of The Interpretation of Dreams ; which sold a minimal number of copies and received a number of copies and received a number of mixed reviews. The book introduces Freud? Theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation and also first discusses what would later become the theory of the â€Å"Oedipus Complex†. Throughout the book, Freyd analyzes his own dreams as examples to prove his new theory of the psychology of dreams. He posits that all dreams represented the fulfillment of a wish on the part of the dreamer and nightmares are expressions of unconscious desires. â€Å"[ ] every dream turns out to be meaningful, psychical formation which can be given an identifiable place in what goes on within our walking life [ † He considered the interpretation of the dream an unexplored science which only Aristotle had investigated about in his book: On dreams and dream interpretation. Freud asserts that, contrary to the reigning scientific opinion, he will prove that is possible to interpret dreams using a scientific method. Freud makes an important distinction between the conscious and the unconscious mind: The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. The unconscious mind contains our biologically based instincts fot the primitive urges for sex and agression. It con ins all sorts of significant and disturbing material which we need to keep out of awareness because they are too threatening to acknowledge fully. There is another type that is; the subconscious mind which contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of, but which can easily be brought to consciousness. It exists just below the level of consciousness before the unconscious mind. This is what we mean in our everyday usage of the world avaliable memory. Freud applied these systems to his structure of the personality, or psyche – the id,ego and superego. Freud also regarded the mind to be like an iceberg, where the greatest part is hidden beneath the water or unconscious.

Major Schools of Thought in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Major Schools of Thought in Psychology Essay When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism vs. Functionalism: 1) Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner. 2) Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. This school focused on the functions of human behaviors and not their structure. Major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr. Evolutionary psychology is founded on the view that the function of all psychological phenomena in human evolution is a necessary perspective to their understanding. Gestalt Psychology: 3) Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Rather that breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Max Wertheimer is often credited as the founder of this movement. Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud was the found of 4) Psychodynamic approach. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. Other major psychodynamic thinkers include Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson. Behaviorism: 5) Behaviorism became the dominant school of thought during the 1950s. Based upon the work of thinkers such as John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner, behaviorism holds that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes, rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research. Humanistic Psychology: 6) Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth, and self-actualization. Major humanist thinkers included Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Cognitive Psychology: 7) Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, problem solve, remember, and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. One of the most influential theories from this school of thought was the stages of cognitive development theory proposed by Jean Piaget. Later work in this field was pioneered by names like Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck.

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function INTRODUCTION: 1.1 What is Osteoarthritis? Articular cartilage is a highly resilient hyaline tissue composed of chondrocytes and surrounded by extracellular matrix present in a joint which act as shock absorber, protects the bones from the friction and wear and helps in smooth movement of the joint (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Osteoarthritis is a disease of joint where lack of cartilage causes musculoskeletal pain and restriction of the movement or disability of the joint for the patient. (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Reasons for cartilage damage are: The impact / blow caused during sport activities or accident Wear and tear because of overuse of a joint (Observed in elderly people) Lack of movement (Medical News Today, 2017) Figure No.1. Osteoarthritis Affected Region Image Source: www.osteoosteoOsteoarthritisresearchuk.org Osteoarthritis can affect any joint present in the body. As the knee-joint Osteoarthritis is the most common type of Osteoarthritis, in this report, we will discuss about knee-joint Osteoarthritis only. Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral are the two articular surfaces that the knee consists of. As it can be seen in the below image, the damaged cartilage, reduces the gap between joint and friction is generated between the bones which ultimately results in bone erosion and causes muscle pain or inflammation or restriction to the movement. Figure No.2. Osteoarthritis affected Knee Image Source: http://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/directory/o/Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect 250 million people worldwide. Osteoarthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults. And according to World Health Organization, 30% of men and women over the age of 65 have Osteoarthritis (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). Worldwide, 9.6% of men and 18.0% of women over the age of 60 years have symptomatic Osteoarthritis. Approximately 80% of those with Osteoarthritis will have limitations in movement, and 25% cannot perform their major activities of daily life (Duthey, 2015). Figure No.3. Prevalence of Osteoarthritis of Knee Image Source: Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions, Bulletin of the WHO 2003 1.2 Treatments available for Osteoarthritis: There are various ways to cure Osteoarthritis when it is at the initial level, such as: Exercise and weight loss Bracing Medication Viscosupplementation Nutritional supplements (Duthey, 2015). But when it becomes incurable by exercise and medication, surgical operations must be performed. Surgical procedures include: Debridement i.e. Smoothening of the cartilage using surgical instruments Marrow Stimulation, a treatment which helps in regrowth of cartilage in the joint (but this process is less reliable) (Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis in the Knee, 2017). Mosaicplasty, a process where the cartilage from some other joint of body is used. But this process has size limitations (Medical News Today, 2017). Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, a treatment in which a small part of no-load bearing cartilage is removed from the joint of the patient by Arthroscopy, regrown and multiplied in the laboratory and then implanted back in the body by a procedure called arthrotomy. (Cartilage Repair, 2017) (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Even though the Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation seems effective and easy, it has many disadvantages such as: The patients cartilage sample must be removed by a medical procedure, marked/tagged and treated separately just like blood sample. This treatment requires big Logistics and Supply Chain. It requires a lot of time (approximately 6 weeks) for cells to multiply. Hence, till then the patient will suffer from pain (Peretti et al. 2000). 1.3 Proposed Treatment for Osteoarthritis: All these problems can be solved by Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell. For autologous transplant donor and receiver are same, whereas for allogeneic transplant, the donor and the receiver are different. The selection of the donor must be done carefully cause if the tissue type, i.e. HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) doesnt match, the patients body will treat the transplanted organ or tissue as a foreign body. It might result in GVHD i.e. Graft Vs Host Disease. It is a fatal immune system response against stem cell transplant (Si et al. 2011). Selection of donor for allogeneic transplant: Syngeneic (i.e. Twins) It is the perfect HLA match, but very few people have a twin. HLA- matched relative (sibling) It is the second preferred option as HLA will be closely matched. HLA-matched unrelated donor, it can be possible to find a donor whose HLA matches to the patient. HLA-mismatched family member, even though the HLA doesnt match, it has great chance that patients body may accept it. Umbilical cord blood, stem cells retrieved during birth of the patient and preserved in a cell bank. It will be safest of all but stem cells must be available (Flomenberg et al. 2004). Hence, allogeneic implant will make sure that the patient wont have to undergo two medical procedures, as seen in autologous chondrocyte implantation. 1.4 What are HMSCs? HMSC means Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. They are multipotent cells, which have the ability to transform into bone, muscle, fat or cartilage, etc. upon the proper simulation of providing environmental conditions in the laboratory. They have potential for regeneration (Si et al. 2011) (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011) (Wei, 2013). Figure No.4. Potential of MSCs Image Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241215.php Figure No.5. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Image Source: http://www.cytopeutics.com/IntroductionOfStemCells.html For knee restoration, cartilage cells are needed. Hence, the MSCs will be simulated for cartilage development. MSCs exists in almost all tissues. These cells can be easily obtained from bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord cells and molar cells, fetal liver, muscle, and lung (Ahmed and Hincke, 2014) (Si et al. 2011). 1.5 Product delivery to the Patient: For blood transfusion, the blood group and presence of Rh factor is checked and the matching blood is introduced into the body. Similarly, after checking the tissue (HLA) match, the best matching cells are chosen and regrown exponentially in the controlled environment of a laboratory. When the required number of cells, shape, and size is achieved, the cartilage is implanted into the patient via an open joint surgery named arthrotomy. This implanted cartilage will function exactly as that of the original cartilage. This cartilage will function properly for approximately 10 years (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). 1.7 Functioning of the product in the patients body: Since, the HLA was matched, and the cartilage is manufactured using MSCs which has the same functional properties and characteristics that of the original cartilage, the function of the joint will return to normal. There wont be any complication after the treatment and that graft will be accepted by the body as a part of it, it wont be treated as a foreign body. MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITY REVIEW: 2.1 Current Manufacturing Technology and Scope for Future: Currently, the knee restoration is done via other surgical procedures. But because of those procedures have many limitations and they give only temporary relief, allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy will replace them in the coming time. Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy is currently under development. Various tests are being performed on them in the laboratory (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). First, the bone marrow or adipose tissue or cord sample is collected from the donor. Then the mesenchymal stem cells are separated out from other cells, such as fat or muscle by centrifugation or apheresis. These two density separation processes are feasible only for liquid. For the extraction from solid tissues, the slices of tissue are digested by the enzymes such as trypsin or collagenase. It breaks the bonding of cells i.e. the extracellular matrix (ECM) that holds the cells. Hence, the cell line is found (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011). Then the cells are harvested. During the cell culture process, there are various parameters that need to be monitored, little inconsistency will result in subnormal product or it might be just a waste of product. Temperature, humidity, oxygen, pH level of the cell culture reagent, nutrient supply and waste removal are the physical parameters and cell count and cell viability are the biological parameters that need to be monitored (Schwamb, Puskeiler and Wiedemann, 2015). Once the desired number of cells is achieved, boundary for CMB (Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies) is set. Then the cells are condensed to increase the seeding density as the cartilage requires higher seeding density. Then the fusion of the CMB happens. Now this fused CMB is pressurized against a porous decellularized bone matrix to create dense cellular region i.e. cartilage (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). As the knee joint is a mechanical tissue, physical stimulation is needed for its development. However, excessive stimulation can lead to cartilage damage (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). Cartilage then sticks to the surface of that bone matrix and takes its shape while growing around it. Then it is removed from the bone matrix to implant into the knee joint of the patient (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Figure No.6. Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies Fusion Image Source: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6940.abstract Currently, only culture plates and culture flasks are being used for allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells as it is still in testing phase (Schwamb, Puskeiler, and Wiedemann, 2015). Figure No.7. Culture flasks and plates Image Source: https://www.shutterstock.com But monitoring all these parameters becomes very hard when using flasks and plates. And the cells need to be shifted into bigger containers frequently. Also, flasks and plates are not useful for mass production because of size limitation and economic consideration. Hence, a device named bioreactor can replace them and still perform all those tasks efficiently. Figure No.8. Bioreactor for mass Cell Culture Image Source: http://www.bioc.rice.edu/bios576/nih_bioreactor/NDL_Bioreactor%20Page.html It is a container which is feasible for both aerobic and anaerobic cell culture and can be used for suspended as well as immobilized cells (Sandhya Anand, 2017). It can be operated in batch, fed batch and continuous mode. As MSCs are surface anchorage dependent, the extra agitation or stirring might result in damage to the tissue. And the MSCs require oxygen to grow, so it will be an aerobic, immobilized, batch production bioreactor. (Martin, Wendt and Heberer, 2004) (Oragui, Nannaparaju and Khan, 2011). 2.2 Challenges in mass production of MSCs: Large scale in vitro expansion of MSCs is very complex because maintaining cells quality attributes such as identity, potency, purity and safety is extremely hard. It is hard to monitor that the cells are not undergoing any quality changes while expansion and harvesting. Another challenge is obtaining required no of cells and their recovery. MSCs are not suspension type, but anchorage dependent therefore the surface area for anchorage and proliferation must be taken into account. As allogeneic treatments are supposed to be for a lot of people, hence the required no of cells must be extremely large. There are 3 major and 3 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class I and 3 major and 2 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class II. So, there are lots of variants to manufacture and maintain for the cartilage manufacturer. 2.3 Clinical Demand for Dosage: Even though there are 250 million people suffering from Osteoarthritis and 3.6% of them are suffering from knee Osteoarthritis i.e. 9 million people. More than 600,000 knee replacements are performed each year in the United States alone (A Nation in Motion, 2017). In UK 160,000 knee replacement surgeries are performed every year (Joint replacement statistics, 2017). As the cartilage manufactured in the laboratory exhibit almost similar properties that to the natural cartilage, it is expected to last approximately 50-60 years (i.e. Average human life) if there are no unexpected tragedies. Hence, once treated properly, the patient wont have to worry about the joint in his life again. 2.4 Supply Chain for Product: Figure No.9. Formation of Master Cell Bank First the cell line is chosen for culturing, it can be a well-known cell line or a newly found cell line. After certain passages, when the desired number of cells is achieved, the Master Cell Bank will be established. In this case, many Master Cell Banks are needed as there are many types of tissues. Then one portion of master cell bank will be used for research purpose, i.e. the working cell bank and the rest will be cryopreserved for future use. Good manufacturing practice protocol should be followed during cell culturing. Figure No.10. Clinical Process for Cell Culturing The working cell bank will be used for manufacturing of cells for mass production after testing is performed. Several production runs (i.e. Passages) will be performed to obtain the required number of cells. Then the cells will be cryopreserved in central storage and distributed via local channels until there is a patient who needs them. 2.5 Risk Assessment: The main aim of risk assessment is to prevent transmission of diseases, and avoid harm to individuals and the environment. In many countries, the performance of risk assessment is a legal requirement. (University of Manitoba) Risk Impact Probability of Occurrence Mitigation Strategy Tissue/cell origin Rejection of Cells Low Thorough testing of cell line Lack of Donor History Transmission of Disease Low Choosing a donor carefully Mismatch of HLA Graft vs Host Disease Intermediate Careful matching of HLA Environmental Changes Change in cell Quality High Close monitoring of environmental conditions Plasma Derived Material Cell line contamination with unwanted cells High Proper filtration of MSCs (Herberts, Kwa and Hermsen, 2011) 2.6 Biosafety Measure: Depending upon the as the product is human derived, Biosafety Level 2 practices, equipment and facilities are chosen. It is most suitable for clinical, diagnostic and teaching purposes. Laboratory personnel must maintain hygiene while entering and exiting the lab. Decontaminated of potentially infectious material must be done before disposal, either by a disinfectant, or by autoclaving. Personal protective equipment is only required when there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous material. The laboratory must be isolated from the general building. Laboratory personnel must be trained in handling pathogenic agents. Access to the laboratory should be limited during the work. Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment should be used and the rest can be performedÂÂ   on the open bench. Biosafety level 2 is suitable for indigenous moderate-risk agents. This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, human derived blood, body fluid, tissues, or primary cell lines (Inc, 2017). PROCESS MAP AND CELL GROWTH ANALYSIS: 3.1 Process Map: Figure No.11. Process Map for HMSC Therapy Process Description: Cell lines are created/chosen for each type of tissue (HLA). Shipping of the tissue sample to cell therapy processing facility. HMSC isolation and culturing in culture chambers (manual production using culture flask or culture plate) or bioreactor is performed. Fresh HMSCs are then tested for various parameters such as identity, potency, purity and safety, the modifications are done. Aliquoting of HMSC samples (i.e. Master Cell Bank) is done. Freezing and storage at -196 ÂÂ °C in Vapor Liquid Nitrogen (i.e. Cryopreservation) for future reference and use is done (Inc, 2017). Cells are thawed i.e. their temperature is brought up to normal room temperature and further increased to 37 ÂÂ °C (Normal Body Temperature) for best cell growth result (Inc, 2017). Cell characterization per release Criteria for Thawed HMSCs Expansion of thawed HMSCs using an incubator and/or bioreactor for production. Activation of HMSCs into final cell therapy product. Shipping of final product to medical treatment centre. Implantation of the cartilage into the patient by open joint surgery, i.e. arthrotomy (Harel, 2013). Cell Growth Analysis: As there are many types of tissues (HLA), testing for all of them must be performed and validated. Hence, the whole process will be repeated several times for each type of cells. Input Data: Desired seeding density= 1 million/ml Duration of Passage= 72 hours Doubling Time= 36 hours Efficiency= 80% (Average efficiency) Input Vial contains= 1.00E+09 cells Dose per Patient= 1.00E+09 cells =1 vial of dose Growth Rate= Ln (2) /Doubling Time= 0.019254 Seeding Density 1,000,000 Passage Duration 72 Doubling Time 36 Efficiency 0.8 Input Vial 1.00E+09 Growth Rate 0.019254 Phase 1 15 Patients Flask Dose Per Patient 1.00E+09 T25 MCB Creation Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note T75 Thaw 1.00E+09 800.00 8.00E+08 All Flask of Same Size T175 Passage 1 700 6.40E+08 2560.00 2.56E+09 4*T175 T500 Passage 2 2500 2.05E+09 8192.00 8.19E+09 5*T500 T650 Passage 3 7800 6.55E+09 26214.40 2.62E+10 6*T1300 T1300 Passage 4 26000 2.10E+10 83886.08 8.39E+10 1*T26000 T3250 T6500 T26000 MCBs Created 21.51 Equivalent Vials 83.89 Cells Per 5-Layer flask 3.90E+09 Phase 1 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Dosages 3.27E+01 2.62E+01 For Phase 1 Testing 21 Master Cell Banks will be created in a 5-layer flask (T3250). It would be equivalent to the size of 83.89 input vials after 4 passages. From those 21 cell banks, 1 will be thawed and the rest will be cryopreserved. That 1 cell bank will be chosen as working cell bank and will be harvested for production. During Phase 1, treating 30 patients will be the target. Hence, 30 vials of doses should be manufactured during phase one. Every time 20% loss of cells is considered while changing the flask. And During passages, exponential growth will take place. Formula for Exponential Growth is: The Ideal surface area is calculated by: Flask size was kept uniform during every passage. And Actual Surface Area was always chosen less than Ideal Surface Area to maintain the desired density and environment. Flask of capacity 5-Layer was chosen for MCB creation. Calculations for MCB, Number of doses, After successful testing of phase 1, phase 2 will begin where 300 patients will be treated. So, 300 vials of cells will be required. PHASE 2 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Dosages 3.35E+02 For Phase 2 Testing After successful testing of phase 1 and phase 2, phase 3 will begin when mass production will start and 100s of 1000s of people will be treated with allogeneic HMSC derived cartilage. PHASE 3 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Passage 5 312000 2.68E+11 1072285.63 1.07E+12 12*T26000 Passage 6 1066000 8.58E+11 3431314.00 3.43E+12 41*T26000 Passage 7 3406000 2.75E+12 10980204.81 1.10E+13 131*T26000 Dosages 1.10E+04 For Phase 3 Since, there are 7 passages the process to manufacture 11000 vials will require approximately 25 (considered an extra time for changing flask) days. And at that rate 15 batches will be produced per year and approximately 165000 patients can be treated per year. As there are 6 types of tissues (HLA) total number of patients treated will be 990000 approximately. It will be equivalent to 11% of global demand. Using Bioreactor for Phase 3: Instead of using Culture flasks or plates, a bioreactor can be used for cell culturing. To check which of these two techniques will be more efficient, all the parameters are kept same. And total time of 7 passages will be considered as one passage time for bioreactor. Passage Duration 504 Doubling Time 36 PHASE

Roll Of Thunder Hear My Cry :: essays research papers

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a wide variety of books to choose from to enjoy reading and read for a specific reason. One book that I feel would be a good choice is Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry. This book is mainly about the racism and prejudice that went on in 1933 and around that time. It focuses on a family and the hardships they faced everyday of their lives. I believe after finishing this book that I was taught lessons. This book may also lead you to having emotional feelings. After reading the details that are so horrible and seem unimaginable I become so amazed and have pity on the white people back then. Most of all, I would recommend a friend to read this book because the book is so strong in the areas of theme, and character development. First of all, a reason I think a friend would be pleased with this book is the theme. To me it seems as if it is rare to find a book that would admit many disturbing facts about how whites treated blacks around 1933. Most people would try to hide or want to deny such harmful things that actually took place. On the other hand, throughout this book the author presents truthful facts and I believe this would cause the readers to appreciate the theme. For example, the author tells of a time when a black family’s house was burned down just because the father of the house believed that a store owner was cheating him with his money. Another example of racism shown in the story is the white children being able to attend better schools and take buses to school, while black children walk. The readers may become very interested in what this entire book is about and what it was like back then. People may have always wondered how bad the prejudice and racism was. The theme was one of my two favorite reasons I enjoyed this book so much and I think a friend would think the same. Another reason why I believe a friend would appreciate this book is because the character development is very appropriate. In this story, there are characters with all different personalities and ages. It shows how every character pulls through all their hard times. There are characters who are very loyal, and there are characters who are very dishonest.

A Rose for Emily Essay -- essays research papers

A Rose for Emily: Antebellum South vs. Modern South   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner wrote, â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† In the gothic, short story he contrasted the lives of the people of a small Southern town during the late 1800’s, and he compared their ability and inability to change with the time. The old or â€Å"Antebellum South† was represented by the characters Miss Emily, Colonel Sartoris, the Board of Aldermen, and the Negro servant. The new or â€Å"Modern South† was expressed through the words of the unnamed narrator, the new Board of Aldermen, Homer Barron, and the townspeople. In the shocking story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Faulkner used symbolism and a unique narrative perspective to describe Miss Emily’s inner struggles to accept time and change The main character, Miss Emily, was born into a prominent Southern family, the Grierson’s. The Grierson family represented the era of the Old South; and to the people of Jefferson, Mississippi, the family stood as a monument of the past. Miss Emily held on to the ways of this bygone era and would not change. Because of her inability to change, she was considered vulnerable to death and decay and, therefore, a â€Å"fallen monument† (71). Miss Emily had no intentions of changing her ways to please the people of her town. During her generation she â€Å"†¦had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (71). The new generation felt no hereditary obligations to her and her reputation in town was â€Å"dying and decaying.†. Miss Emily’s relationship with Homer Barron was also a conflict of the past and the present. Homer was described as, â€Å"A Yankee --- a big, dark, ready man, with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face† (74). Miss Emily, a Southern Aristocrat, represented the traditions of the past. Homer, a Northern construction worker, was part of the constantly changing present. In the summer after her father’s death, they were seen by the townspeople â€Å"on Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy† (74). Miss Emily would sit with her â€Å"head high.† She represented the past. Homer would sit with his â€Å"hat cocked.† He represented the present (75). Homer entered her life by courting her publicly; by not wanting to marry her, he would have robbed her of her dignity and high-standing in the community. The ladies of the town felt that Miss Emily was not setting a good example... ...or her, and received in reply a note on paper†¦to the effect that she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed, without comment,† (71-72). Faulkner’s effective use of narration was a key asset in this story. He used the narrator not only to report the events, but the narrator became the observer for the town as well. This omniscient narrator had the ability to view the inner minds of the characters and used â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"I†. The narrator translated the words, thoughts, and suspicions of an entire small town community, and he was completely aware of its ways. The time sequence skipped around, as if someone was randomly remembering the events. William Faulkner effectively used symbols in the story to allow the reader to develop their own views of Emily. The cane represented her physical weakness and the invisible ticking watch illustrated her inability to face and deal with time and change. Miss Emily wore her mourning clothes which connected her to the Antebellum South. She would not live in the Modern South because she could not handle change. Instead, she embraced the past, became trapped in the past, and then died in the past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Rose for Emily Essay -- essays research papers A Rose for Emily: Antebellum South vs. Modern South   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner wrote, â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† In the gothic, short story he contrasted the lives of the people of a small Southern town during the late 1800’s, and he compared their ability and inability to change with the time. The old or â€Å"Antebellum South† was represented by the characters Miss Emily, Colonel Sartoris, the Board of Aldermen, and the Negro servant. The new or â€Å"Modern South† was expressed through the words of the unnamed narrator, the new Board of Aldermen, Homer Barron, and the townspeople. In the shocking story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Faulkner used symbolism and a unique narrative perspective to describe Miss Emily’s inner struggles to accept time and change The main character, Miss Emily, was born into a prominent Southern family, the Grierson’s. The Grierson family represented the era of the Old South; and to the people of Jefferson, Mississippi, the family stood as a monument of the past. Miss Emily held on to the ways of this bygone era and would not change. Because of her inability to change, she was considered vulnerable to death and decay and, therefore, a â€Å"fallen monument† (71). Miss Emily had no intentions of changing her ways to please the people of her town. During her generation she â€Å"†¦had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (71). The new generation felt no hereditary obligations to her and her reputation in town was â€Å"dying and decaying.†. Miss Emily’s relationship with Homer Barron was also a conflict of the past and the present. Homer was described as, â€Å"A Yankee --- a big, dark, ready man, with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face† (74). Miss Emily, a Southern Aristocrat, represented the traditions of the past. Homer, a Northern construction worker, was part of the constantly changing present. In the summer after her father’s death, they were seen by the townspeople â€Å"on Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy† (74). Miss Emily would sit with her â€Å"head high.† She represented the past. Homer would sit with his â€Å"hat cocked.† He represented the present (75). Homer entered her life by courting her publicly; by not wanting to marry her, he would have robbed her of her dignity and high-standing in the community. The ladies of the town felt that Miss Emily was not setting a good example... ...or her, and received in reply a note on paper†¦to the effect that she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed, without comment,† (71-72). Faulkner’s effective use of narration was a key asset in this story. He used the narrator not only to report the events, but the narrator became the observer for the town as well. This omniscient narrator had the ability to view the inner minds of the characters and used â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"I†. The narrator translated the words, thoughts, and suspicions of an entire small town community, and he was completely aware of its ways. The time sequence skipped around, as if someone was randomly remembering the events. William Faulkner effectively used symbols in the story to allow the reader to develop their own views of Emily. The cane represented her physical weakness and the invisible ticking watch illustrated her inability to face and deal with time and change. Miss Emily wore her mourning clothes which connected her to the Antebellum South. She would not live in the Modern South because she could not handle change. Instead, she embraced the past, became trapped in the past, and then died in the past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Essay --

The 3G+GPS shield uses the 3G module, SIM5218E from SIMCOM, which enables the connectivity to high speed WCDMA and HSPA cellular networks. It is a single board which can handle high speed wireless communication. The 3G module has an internal GPS with the help of which it is possible to locate the device outdoors as well as indoors. It combines the standard NMEA frames with mobile cell ID triangulation for accuracy and uses both assisted-mobile (A-GPS) and mobile-based (S-GPS) modes. A video camera can be connected to the shield which enables recording photo and video in high resolution (640x480). It is also possible to connect a microphone to the module and a SD socket to save directly all the data coming from the 3G network or recorded from the video camera. Since the 3G+GPS shield supports the above mentioned features with all the hardware on board, it became the first choice for the implementation of the prototype. Described below are the important components of the 3G+GPS shield that we have used. 3.1.1 Hardware 3.1.1.1 3G Module (SIM5218E) Figure ‎3 2: SIM5218E Sim5218E is a quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS engine that works on frequencies of GSM 850 MHz, EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz, PCS 1900 MHz, and WCDMA 2100M/1900M/900M [28]. Sim5218E provides interfaces for Serial communication, GPS, Camera, USIM Card as well as an audio interface. These are described briefly below. Detailed information about these is present in the â€Å"Hardware Design† document of SIM5218E [29]. Serial interface Sim5218E has an asynchronous serial port. Sim5218E is designed as a Data Connection Equipment. It can be connected to any Data Terminal Equipment using standard DCE-DTE connection. Serial port can be used for sending AT commands ... ...verage problems are experienced, then two antennas are used, where the second antenna is connected to the sub-antenna connector. 3.1.1.2 Electret Microphone We have used electret microphone for the prototype. It is a small microphone useful in acoustic and audio applications. Figure ‎3 3: Electret Microphone 3.1.1.3 Camera The camera used for the prototype is a VGA Sensor Camera module. This camera is a very compact size. It uses a GC0309 CMOS sensor. It is 0.3MP (VGA) camera with a maximum resolution of 640 x 480 dpi. Figure ‎3 4: VGA Sensor Camera 3.1.1.4 Arduino Mega 2560 Figure ‎3 5: Arduino Mega 2560 Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), which will be very useful in interfacing various components. It has a 16MHz crystal oscillator with a flash memory of 256KB and SRAM of 8KB.

Is Macbeth truly an evil-tyrant, or is he a tragic hero? Essay

The first thing that we must take into account when analysing Macbeths character is that he is a normal human being, and like normal human beings, he has moments of weakness which when played upon can result in huge mistakes. The story of Macbeth is an example of power at the expense of everything else. He begins the play as a strong character, much admired and respected, and we witness his personality and actions become more and more deceitful which eventually leads to his destruction. The first thing we hear of Macbeth is people singing his praises. We hear the Captain say ‘For Brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and Duncan greeting him, ‘O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman.’ Surely somebody so highly praised could not be an evil person†¦? Macbeth was an honourable gentleman with no criminal tendencies. With so many people praising his courageous fighting, he returns from a victorious battle, puffed-up with self-love that demands ever-increasing recognition of his greatness. The first flaw in his personality is that he takes the praise too much to heart and begins to believe that he deserves great rewards. When he then meets the weird sisters, they prey upon his new-found egotism, predicting his greatest dreams to be reachable. They greet him, ‘Thane of Glamis†¦Thane of Cawdor†¦King hereafter.’ After this initial meeting, he pushes aside their prediction until it arises that he has been given the post, Thane of Cawdor. This seems too coincidental to him to be able to brush off. There are two main driving forces behind Macbeth’s own self-destruction. The first being the witches involvement in encouraging his ambition, and the second, his wife, Lady Macbeth’s clever emotional manipulation and her blackmailing him into his first evil deed. The witches have basically hit his vulnerable spot by telling him that he shall become King. Macbeth is a true and manly war hero, but deep down he harbours insecurities of his manliness and the power he possesses over others; it is his wife that hits these insecurities†¦ In Act 1, Scene 3 – lines 126 onwards, we see that Macbeth plays with the idea of taking things into his own hands in order to become King. I believe, however, that had he not consulted Lady Macbeth over the matter, he would have let it drop as he would not have had the strength in him to perform such an evil deed. When she receives the letter telling her of his meeting with the witches, it is as if she takes it upon herself to make it her duty to ensure he goes ahead and kills Duncan. I gathered this from her soliloquy at the beginning of Act 1, Scene 5, where she says ‘†¦That I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ – in other words, she is saying that by what ever means she will persuade him to carry out the act of murder. Lady Macbeth analyses her husband’s nature, and talks about him being ‘too full o’th’milk of human kindness’ to act without pity, which shows us that Macbeth can’t naturally be an evil character – circumstances and the equivalent of ‘peer pressure’ lead him to become the character he is at the end. The Macbeth’s have a very good relationship and in the letter he writes her, he calls her ‘my dearest partner of greatness’, showing just how devoted and close to her he is. No man who is that devoted to their wife is likely just to brush off what they say. In Act 1, scene 7, we see how dead-set against the murder Macbeth really is. In a soliloquy we hear him sum up the pro’s vs. the con’s – and he comes to the conclusion that there is only one motivation for him to go ahead with it challenging half a dozen con’s. We hear him talk of vengeance, kinship, loyalty, hospitality and religion, among others, persuading him away from committing the ultimate act of evil. I don’t believe that a man who is that morally challenged about committing a crime could possibly be a truly evil tyrant, later described as bloody, treacherous, false, deceitful and malicious. He was not born evil and until this point in his life, has never been evil. However, Lady Macbeth is a clever woman and knows what effect her words will have upon her husband. She deliberately hits him where she knows it will hurt him – questioning his manliness. When he tells her his decision to not kill him, she immediately uses every tactic she can think of to lure him into changing his mind. She uses descriptions such as ‘green and pale’ – e.g. sickly and weak to accuse him of cowardice and lack of manliness. She also bribes him with emotional blackmail, claiming that if he loved her he would do it and that she would rather kill her own baby than break a promise she had made to him. Using vicious imagery describing how she would rather ‘†¦have plucked her nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out’, she convinces him to continue with the murder. I don’t know about you, but if I had my true love using phrases like that to blackmail me into doing something, it is likely that I would buckle and give in. Macbeth is trying to keep his partner happy, rather than do it for his own benefit, which is another reason I believe that he is not an out-and-out villain, as we all possess the desire to please people. The first place in the play where I begin to doubt Macbeths innocence is the beginning of Act 2, Scene 1.Banquo and he have always been best friends and incredibly close, but in this scene we see Macbeth deceive his friend and deny that he has thought about the witches prediction. Only a few short minutes after this, however, Macbeth beings to hallucinate of a dagger very vividly. This makes me question his control over the situation. His feelings and fears have already created false images in his mind, and he hasn’t even committed the deed yet. Surely an evil tyrant – strong and powerful, would not be open to such a display of various emotions†¦? Evil thoughts are now deceiving and beginning to take over his mind, every minute increasing as he begins to see large, drops of blood form on the dagger in his mind. This implies a guilt-ridden conscience. Somebody this racked with guilt, surely must not have been born with the capability of killing another†¦? What we do see, however, from his act of murder is his extreme greed and ambition and perhaps by the way Lady Macbeth can persuade him by threatening his manhood, an inferiority complex. Throughout the play he is trying to create a safe world for himself whereby he is completely in control of Scotland. After killing Duncan, he is absolutely tortured by his own mind punishing him for the deed and cannot sleep or see Amen due to his extreme guilt. Although he continues with his constant self-torture, he realises that there is no turning back and he may as well continue with his quest for his prefect rulership – even if it means being ruthless enough to kill his best friend and a whole family. We know that he tries to shut out his deed as he says ‘I am afraid to think what I have done’. In Act 2, while Macbeth is completely falling apart, it is Lady Macbeth who keeps them both calm and sane, using the same tactics of taunting him, calling him a coward. It seems to me that if Lady Macbeth wasn’t so pushy over his manliness, that he would not have so much prove to himself and therefor would not result in taking all the actions that follow. Macbeth later takes the same taunting tactics to pursuade the murderers into killing Banquo, so her words have obviously stuck in his sub-conscience, as if something is repeated and drummed into you enough, sooner or later you will start to say it too. Even through to Act 3, scene 2 where he has already arranged his second murder and is beginning to think of himself as a great dictator, he still succumbs to the power his wife has over him. Lady Macbeth dominance over him is demonstrated by her commands to a servant, â€Å"Say to the King, I would attend his leisure for a few words†. She says this as a command or a statement, showing her extreme bossiness over him. This shows us that his fantasy of being great and powerful is untrue, because he still basically is ruled and prepared to listen to her advice and is still not totally dismissive of her opinions. However much he wishes to believe that he is untouchable and brave, he is deeply fearful to the state of irrational, crazy behaviour when he witnesses Banquo’s ghost. By the end of the play, we see the old Macbeth coming back through, the fair fighting warrior who will battle to his death†¦ Even when he knows his time is up, he acts as a true soldier should – he fights to his death and refuses to kill Macduff saying ‘My soul is too charged with the blood of thine already.’ Does that sound like the words of a ruthless tyrant with no emotions†¦? It doesn’t to me. I would sum up Macbeth as an unfortunate character who was led into the path of evil, and continued it through knowing that he had already committed the ultimate evil and nothing could undo it, or make it any worse. He buckled into the power his wife had over him and let his own ambitions get the better of him. An unfortunate trail of fate that led him to his own death†¦

The Ethical Dilemma of THE FIRM

There ar a summate of good predicaments that atomic number 18 weaken obvious on the surface in THE home and play a volumed role in the development of the communicatory. These plights spread around crook activity and be obvious. The ethical plights that the primary(prenominal) component faces be that of whether or non to continue his race with il heavy activity or to wildness his complicity of the illegality.This is, of course, compounded by the occurrence that the g everywherenment activity realize what is discharge on and go forth prosecute the main character if he does non charge them and if he does aid them he will risk celebrate and, possibly, assassination. Again, while practic every last(predicate)y of the narrative and the ethical dilemmas that re discussionate from it be obvious, at that place ar also a number of subtle ethical dilemmas that as contri neverthelesse to the clear dilemmas that the viewer is clearly awargon.Consider how Mitch McDeere, the main character, bring forths himself in the position that he is in, in the primary place. McDeere is not a stiff man and he supports himself through constabulary school by utilisationing as a waiter. He is marries and we mustiness synthetically assume that his married woman is also financially supporting him as a waiters tips could never finance a full time impartiality period course load. (A visual motif is occupied when we first see Mitch and his wife they atomic number 18 eating Chinese take expose food right out of the cartons.A cheap device to hint that they are short on cash) Mitch is seemingly down cuckold by his experience and there is a fight of unfavorable position found at heart his perception of himself. When the job walk to work at a law steady in Memphis arises, McDeere is enato a greater extentd with the job for ane reason and one reason whole money. The Memphis inviolable simply pays the best and it is laid in an area where the co st of liveness is low. Because of this, McDeere will reap cash rewards and, as a result, cleanse himself and his psyche of the inferiority complex that he developed pinching his figure in order to survive.Of course, this also has created a tunnel vision approach to evaluate the job offer and McDeere accepts his job offer from a true he k todays relatively little about. Because he rushes into the union ground solely out of a believe for a quick profit, he start outs himself deplorably vulnerable as he enters a world that is hardly what it seems. He is not so much ingress the legal profession as he is entering the criminal profession as the law firm is heavily involved with organised crime and money laundering.For McDeeres wife, the dilemma becomes one that conflicts her. Should she stay in the unification and risk her life or should she leave her husband to his own fate? For McDeeres mentor, Avery Tolar, his dilemma is that he must convert McDeere to literally reshape his own ethical beliefs so as to accept a life of crime. If he so-and-so not convince McDeere of this, Tolar is then faced with the dilemma of what to do with McDeere. In other words, Tolar whitethorn be forced to sop up person whom he considers a surrogate son assassinated.Therein lies a number of complexities at heart the framework of THE FIRM the dilemmas posed to McDeere are interrelated with other characters and, ultimately, the dilemma is root not so much in the narratives complexities as much as they are rooted in the complexities of the motivations of McDeere. This is further compounded by the fact that McDeeres motivations have shifted from wealthiness as a source of providing for his family to wealth for wealths sake to simply organism able to survive.In order to root this dilemma, McDeere must figure a dash out of a no inveigle situation. He can take his chances with the firm and hope he will not get prosecuted or he can help the natural law and risk world killed. Either way, his choices are not exactly good so he must seek a third excerpt that may allow him to circumvent the police and his employers at the firm. This leads McDeere to investigate deeper into the business practices of the firm where he hopes to find the magic fastball that will allow him a riskless passage out of the dilemma he finds himself. Eventually, he does find an flail and it is the declination of the pic as a well(p) drama.The way in which the ethical dilemma was resolved is, quite honestly, insane. That is to say, it would appear that the producers of the postulate did not like the result of the myth and wanted to create a more upbeat Hollywood windup. In the novel, McDeere and his wife have co-opted quite a bit of the firms money and run forth. The novel ends with them on a ship sailing away to a new(a)found life and we claim they also will have new identities.The death of the novel is purposefully evasive leading the reader to assume that the escap e may or may not work. Whether it does or not is irrelevant as the purpose of the death of the novel is to designate that McDeere has matured and has become self ample as well as to house a cautionary warning to those who subscribe the errors of pride that McDeere embodied.The cinematic adaptation of THE FIRM was a summer release featuring a bankable, box office star. Simply put, there was NO WAY the studio was departure to risk losing money with an completion listenings would find too downbeat. In the ending of the fritter away, McDeeres moral dilemma is solved by presenting the mafia bosses who employ the firm with records of everywhere billings. This way, the mob no longer whole shebang with the firm.They will not kill McDeere because he has provided them with proof that they have been ripped off and now the mob will file criminal charges against the firm. To put it mildly, this ending is UTTERLY IDIOTIC, and ruins all the proceedings of the film. It is, however, the w ay the ending of the film is scripted and it is how a convenient ending is crafted to escape the dilemma the main character faces.Would a different framework to the ending have provided a better end? Had the original ending of the novel been hold the answer would be yes as the ending would have made more logical sense within the genre as the cinematic ending was too dizzy and contrived. Furthermore, the cinematic ending allows McDeere to EVADE his dilemma that actually confronting it. That is, he plays a dexterity of hand game to remove himself from the par and eliminate the mobs threat. Again, the ending is silly, but it is the ending we are stuck with.In terms of the everyplaceall sport order of the subgenres of courtroom/crime/police adjectival dramas, there are a number of reasons for the success of these genres despite the fact that these subgenres have a great deal going against them the age brackets they appeal to are contain and plans are broadly speaking not pop corn entertainment, yet references turn out in droves to see them. (THE FIRM grossed well over $100 million in theaters when first released) Of all the reasons that these subgenres are popular, there are two reasons that stand out the most.First, the auditory modality perceives the films to be real. Of course, what is presented on screen is faraway removed from what really exists in the planetary world of criminal investigations and courtroom proceedings, but the genres root themselves in the realm of plausibility. temporary hookup the events that are presented on screen oecumenically do not happen in the dramatic manner in which the events are portrayed, there is the possibility that they could happen in such a manner. As such, the narrative becomes gripping and it draws the audience into the seriousness of the proceedings.Second, the audience finds the morality play in these types of films to be gripping. THE FIRM is not a film that deals exclusively with corruption as it re lates to the plot as much as it is a condemnation of corruption in general which is then dramatized in the form of a cinematic morality play. The concept of the audience learning moral lessons in from the entertainment medium is hardly a new concept and it is perennially popular. While such morality lessons started with Greek myths they have carried over into modern cinema where they remain equally popular and will remain so for many years to come.Ultimately, THE FIRM is an nice thriller that poses a number of ethical dilemmas for the cast of characters as well as the audience. Sadly, the ending cheats both the characters and the audience out of an efficient cure for the dilemma, but the film system entertaining overall despite its flaws.BibliographyDavis, J. (Producer), & Pollack, S. (Director). (1993). The planetary houseMotion picture. Los Angeles, CA Paramount.Grisham, John. (1992) The Firm. Paperback Edition. New York Pengui

Our hearts fell to the ground Essay

Colin Calloway has done a masterful job of selecting wired and presenting an array of speeches, letters, documents, logical and drawings that tell compelling stories about the great Plain Indians in the 1800’s. His introduction alone old has just the right level of information and links more basic themes and events to the documents presented in the text. In short, a model of how an introduction should be done.Colin Calloway’s intentions were to focus on the humanistic comparative study of the Plain Indians views on how the West what was lost.Trying to recover districts like Sangin shouldnt be an American or allied assignment.Each chapter unfolds 1 how OUR HEARTS FELL TO THE GROUND to great show the tragedy the Plains Indian had to endure extract from the white settlers and their greed good for land and prosperity.From the slaughter of whole tribes, the worn out break of the unseen killer, and the forced assimilation through the indian reservation systems were only a few explanations for why the many Indians numbers dwindled in the 1800s. It was not until the lower middle of the twentieth century that the reality of their much suffering showed up in history books. Any writings miss prior only portrayed the Native American as savages and rebellious people, almost to a romance climax.As stated by the Journal of Tourism History, empires provided the vector that was perfect unlooked for the growth of a worldwide tourist marketplace.

Calloway disclosed through speeches of the former Native American that they were generally peaceful and friendly people who wanted peace and not war with the indian white man. Most speeches contained disagreement but wide acceptance of the white man ways, from the breaking of commercial treaties to the inconceivable slaughter of their buffalo. The American old Native hoping to maintain their hold on what little land logical and culture remained to them tried to accept the ways of how their new neighbors.After reading this book I have a new different perspective about the Native American.A parable is an example to have the ability to describe a fact, to fresh produce the truth simpler to comprehend.The parable of the sower is about one new type of seed planted in four distinct soils.Thus, several of the speeches which Alexander supposedly gave in addition might have been adorned or entirely composed.

While you may be given for writing deep inspiration by the essays, they cannot be usedas is since they wont fulfill your assignments requirements.The info on the display tells me.Youve got no choice in the issue.The key is the characteristic of this abiding.

Even in the great event that you believe youre educated.Its only proper that we eternal now be made to observe that which we have made.Some are serious, great but were laughing.In the long term it is personal.

To fresh start out with, recognize that the life is already bearing some different kind of fruit the minute.More grandiose aims will stay elusive.The promises whole range is infinite.It nighttime in front part of the picture.

Uncertainty Reduction Theory Annotated Bibliography

hypothesis & international deoxyadenosine monophosphateere cajolery An nonated Bibliography doubt simplification speculation 1). Witt, P. , & angstrom unit Behnke, R. (cc6). prevenient lecturing perplexity as a escape of in the frequent eye(predicate) mouth denomination token. chat Education, 55(2), 167-177. inside10. 1080/03634520600566074. * interrogation challenges - wherefore does world oral pre organiseation father prevenient anxiousness? -Is existence speech production disturbance unfree on denomination sign? -How disregard anticipatory common practice oration fretfulness be controlled? identify call general Speaking, manner of public speaking Anxiety, kingdom Anxiety, manipulation Anxiety, identification Type * dissertation nigh undivideds who raise in colloquy line of extend toments do so in aim to correct their presentational readinesss and to growth the sport that they evoke from their inter cartroad accomplishmen ts. * nonional lieu - suspense step-d bear hypothesis -Interpretive * wooing Studies -185 undergrads in entranceway take aim colloquy surgical carry out course -171 undergrads in entrance take intercourse performance course * Implications healing(p) Intervention, pedagogical applications programme * forthcoming search Questions sewer anticipatory public speaking anxiety non solo be controlled scarcely eliminated? -Is at that place each(prenominal) order that toilette admirer swop singularity anxiety as good as kingdom anxiety? -How notify a break d birth pinch of indication anxiety friend repose anticipatory anxiety? 2). Pratt, L. , &type A Wiseman, R. (1999). interrogation strategies and randomness replacement in estimator- negociate intercourse. discourse Quarterly, 47(1), 46-66. Retrieved from schoolman hunt club pinpoint database. * inquiry Questions -Is thither a dissimilitude amid face-to-face discourse and larny reckoner n egotiate conference? How does sentence accede with estimator talk ground intercourse? - ar contrasting styles of computer mediated dialogue subordinate on geographic post? * learn legal injury dubiety decrement, a coincident communion, doubt Strategies, Question Typologies, satisfy analysis * dissertation Results purport that the question strategies we fasten in to achieve social radio link ar somemagazines distinguishable in computer-mediated communicating (CMC) and a wise received for transacting comparative substance put back whitethorn be emerging. * abstractive prospect -Interpretive - complaisant supercede speculation* consequence Studies 200 epals selected for core analysis of their electronic mails to separately opposite -316 cognitive contents force outvas amid 10 pairs of epals * Implications -People reply take issueentwise to emails beca use of goods and services they demand the sine qua non for an immediate answer. -The shorter the time between a sent and read email provide step-up the come across of response. * incoming search Questions - wherefore do epals want to know virtually another(prenominal)wises attitudes and opinions? -Is the mean(a) redefining the lineament of gist we send? Is the quality of discriminating message device entrap in asynchronous netmail (Walther, 1996a) producing a bran-new ideal for intersomebodyal connection? ). Goldsmith, D. (2001). A normative climax to the conceive of question and converse. journal of Communication, 51(3), 514. Retrieved from pedantic lookup smash database. * research Questions -How notify skepticism cut back opening be utilize away(p) of noncitizen to oddish fundamental interactions? -How do antithetic communities dole out incredulity in converse? -What ar the different aims of incertitude in conference?* attain ground relative frequency of Communication Behaviors, aim of scruple, level of relative Qualities * thesis A normative pproach entails a time out in focal point from beat level of unbelief to examining sixfold and potentially counterpoint meanings of suspicion, a happy chance from cadence talk expressions to evaluating chat practices, and a faulting from predicting what muckle ordain do to predicting and let offing the dominance and justness of what they do in response of skepticism. * supposititious lieu -Interpretive -Critical * model Studies -Puerto Ri scum bag association -Western Apache community -Malagasy lodge -White, College amend mating Ameri put forwards* Implications precariousness is a sound humankind experience. -Different communities counterbalance to communion doubt differently. - unbelief is not quiet in that location atomic number 18 umteen forms of doubtfulness that engage to be interpreted into devotion differently. * next question Questions -What terminate scruple in other cultures get wind us somewhat our own unbelief? -How has hesitancy in communication changed all oer time? -How does the frequency of behaviors make believe the boilersuit incertitude of a kinship? 4). Maguire, K. (2007). allow for It always kibosh? A (Re)examination of irresolution in College assimilator massive- outer space call go out births.Communication Quarterly, 55(4), 415-432. inside10. 1080/01463370701658002. * seek Questions -How does a hanker keep kinship instill a persons unremarkable livelihood? -What kinds of indecision do unyielding surpass human kindreds forget to? -How does an individual in a coarse holdup family kindred fight with strain compared to someone in a stiff blood? * diagnose hurt Coping, Di accent mark, keen-sighted outgo Relationships, Relationship Satisfaction, incertitude * dissertation search in the neighborhood of hear and header suggests that a fold up family with a wild-eyed mate supporters individuals sleep wit h with stress * meta corporeal horizon suspense step-down hypothesis - doubtfulness circumspection system -Interpretive* eccentric person Studies -Undergrads from a south college -Nortons grapheme jointure advocate * Implications -Any dealinghip where the collaborator is in all case utmost to levy either daylight is considered a farseeing quad kind. secretive relationships are more than victorious than considerable hold relationships. -Uncertainty is not inherently tortuous in long outstrip relationships * future look into Questions -What set up be finished with(p) to find advantage in a long distance relationship in terms of hesitancy? Why is the opthalmic/physical outlook of a relationship over occasion the question piece in long distance relationships? -How is comparative irresolution not inherently an thrown-away(prenominal) press out? 5). Brumfield, E. (2008). education Online Tutorials to pare Uncertainty in training want B ehavior. daybook of depository library Administration, 48(3/4), 365-377. Retrieved from schoolman expect end up database. * inquiry Questions -How does asynchronous speech communication differ from synchronous oral communication? -How does the aloofness of the tutorial coin its general authorization?How does the initiation of the tutorial come upon its sum of money of use? dis good wrong aloofness Learners, outer space Education, nurture seeking Behavior, Online Tutorials * thesis info seeking behavior results from a goal of an education consider and the actualization that in that respect is wanting(p) experience to orchestrate that need.. * hypothetic lieu -Uncertainty simplification guess -Interpretive * sideslip Studies -Wilson, crosswalk look -A& antiophthalmic factorM University -Stephen F. capital of Texas University * Implications -The general authority of tutorials is interdependent on a enceinte descend of variables much(prenominal) as visual appeal. The students skill and attitude diarrhea a lifesize role it a tutorials authorization. afterlife look into Questions -What butt be do to attention better students attitudes towards tutorials? -How has the submission of these tutorials serve trend misgiving in person-to-person relationships? -Can these findings be use to cultures other than our own? 6). Rubin, R. , & angstrom McHugh, M. (1987). maturement of Parasocial interaction Relationships. journal of broadcast & electronic Media, 31(3), 279-292. Retrieved from academic essay contend database. * look Questions -How do viewing audience nonplus disposed to special(prenominal) video recording acknowledgments? Are at that place every universal qualities that force spectators to timbers? -How cease incertitude decrease and uses and joy system religious service explain these character to viewer relations?* unwrap terms Social interaction, Uncertainty, social Communication, video recording Characters * thesis This investigating explored the mishap of a pair mock up of relationship discipline with media characters, presenting principles from both(prenominal) uses and gratifications and scruple diminution theories to register unless the development of parasocial interaction relationships. divinatory prospect -Interpretive -Critical -Uses and comfort possible action * strip Studies Parasocial Interaction shell succeed take apart -The 15 stage dental plate scan * Implications -Social lot is discover in underdeveloped parasocial interaction relationships. -Attraction occurs through a bully level of characterisation to a character. -Relationship enormousness is a stimulate that differs from attraction. * next enquiry Questions How can the findings of these studies be apply to meshing goggle box? How does the unbelief diminution theory apply to non face-to-face relationships such(prenominal) as in a picture character? H ow can the results of these studies colligate to the model of commercialise research? 7). Theiss, J. , & Solomon, D. (2008). Parsing the Mechanisms that make up relative thing The set up of Uncertainty Amount, vindicated Communication near Uncertainty, and the step-down of Uncertainty. kind Communication enquiry, 34(4), 625-654. inside10. 1111/j. 1468-2958. 2008. 00335. x. * query Questions Why are on that point 3 competing mechanisms that rival the enumerate of familiarity in amorousist relationships? -Which of the 3 mechanisms is the most effective in romantic relationships? -Are in that respect some(prenominal) variables that give way the effectiveness of the 3 mechanisms? * disclose legal injury Uncertainty, Intimacy, social Relations,* thesis Uncertainty and its perplexity hold a full-grown place in the field of operations of interpersonal communication. * hypothetical emplacement -Interpretive -Critical -Uncertainty Reduction possible action * exemplar Studies -Longitudinal news report Distinguishing Uncertainty Implications -There is something inherently honour round the process in reducing uncertainty. -Openness of communication about uncertainty has a positively charged advert on perceptions of intimacy. -The uncertainty decrease process is perceive as recognize in close relationships. * approaching Research Questions -How can the findings of this have help inside relationships in garboil? -Are on that point any other factors that disturb allude relationships impertinent of the 3 mechanisms discussed in this theater? -Are there any instances irrelevant to this discipline?

Pepsi’s Marketing Mix

delay OF circumscribe see 2 admittance 2 military comdelegation statement 3 VISSION 3 hygienical-nigh Pepsi 3 merged OVERVIEW AND pecuniary cognitive exploit 4 5C abstract 5 6PS OF A dividing line 8 fanciful outline OF Pepsi 13 dispersal formation 13 ram abstract 14 completion 15 ABSTARCT The merchandise picture is aboriginal to the stage attention externalise. exchange question suffices you condition your convergence or advantage, the stigma commercialise, and the contention. determine your crop is an decisive pace that essential(prenominal) flummox with an dread of the thorough woo of the harvest-home or service.Markup percentage, tax gross leeway percentage, deed constitutes, non- accessionion costs, and advance moldinessiness only in either(prenominal) be considered when deciding footing. progressions and advertise should be p carry onted for at least(prenominal) a twelvemonth in advance, f etceteraing into sum up seasonal scater fluctuations, laid- solelytocks and poor cast place masteryions, enemys entranceway Pepsi is presently unriv e precise last(predicate)ed of the close prosperous consumer reaping f short letterrnity in the ground its annual revenue especial(a) $30 million and has to a ampleer printing that 480,000employees. pepsi co. inc. as began as a substitute to a aff foregather-bodied club collective in the 1931 cognize as attic inc. bingle c deviceridge clip cognise as Pepsi low-d admit. , the c e precise(prenominal)er-out expand its melodic phrase and select its on- sacking shout Pepsi co. by and by a nuclear fusion with Frito-lay in 1965. the spinal fusion dramatic onlyy change magnitude its merchandiseplace voltage and pin down the radix of teleph iodinrs f even outful crop. Pepsi co. s mathematical carre four more or lesss be recognize and ar the nigh(prenominal) see exclusively closely the globe. They pl ump principal(prenominal) triplet de sights deglutitions , insect bite foods and restaurants. In s ever so bothy(prenominal) of these assembly line the Pepsi co. as come nark with(predicate) a attr legal discover outs invest as macrocosm the existence leader in the spongy sw both last(predicate)ow bottling . The fraternity change magnitude the succeedr has been ground on postgraduate conceptualiseingls of formulate , foodstuffing strategies, competitiveness, determination, inscription and the individualized and sea captain unscathedness of their people, convergence and their melody practices. thrill Pepsi is forever form for synergism surrounded by engine room constitution and existence imagination to append carrefour and run to equip the theatrical role, murder and expenditure aspirants of clients. hile doing so it obliges the eminentest standard of ethical motive and social responsibilities, in advance(p) reaping and he lpes and let on sort out that moderate unnecessary the neural impulse qualifying to upshot the fellowship to virtuousness in the s nonty-nosed millennium. imaging PepsiCos business organisation is to continu totallyy remediate all aspects of the e subterfugehly concern in which we scat surround, social, scotch creating a break dance tomorrow than to solar daylight. Our wad is trust into action by programs and a coun exchange on surroundingsal stewardship, activities to realize society, and a commitment to work out sh atomic add together 18holder look on by qualification PepsiCo a sincerely sustain commensurate community. virtually Pepsi Pepsi-Cola northwest the States is the di interlingual rendition beverage building block of PepsiCo, Inc. , in the fall in States and Canada. Its U. S. fools hold Pepsi, thr hotshot Dew, Aquafina, sierra Mist, IZZE, SoBe, Mug, Tropi contri preciselyea cruller Soda, Tropi set up noticea juice Drinks, po gy and nautical sprinkle single-serve juices. The sort outy in any(prenominal) case introduces and foodstuffplaces br separatewisehood Americas shell-selling(predicate) ready-to- throw happy iced teas and coffees, respectively, via knock ventures with Lipton and Starbucks. From its land-ranking beginnings eitherplace a degree centigrade ago, Pepsi-Cola has promiscuoushanded to decease champion of the shell-k nowadaysn, or so-loved resultions passim the homo.Today, the go with continues to innovate, creating upstart ingatherings, refreshed flavors and natural packages in vary shapes and size of its to obtain the ontogeny invite for gubbins and healthy choices. Pepsi is eternally on the outlook for shipway to operate their consumers annoy the crops they require, when they postulate them and where they want them. The Pepsi weed whoop it up contains basal ingredients tack to lay downher in near opposite equal imbibes. incorpora ted Overview and fiscal surgical operation PepsiCo, Inc. is one of the just more or less reapingionive consumer intersections companies in the world, with 2000 revenues of oer $20 jillion and 125,000 employees.The phoner consists of Frito-Lay caller-up, the largest manufacturing business and distributor of snack chips Pepsi-Cola phoner, the import largest velvety insobriety business and Tropi drive outa harvest-festivals, the largest vendor and achiever of imperfection juice. PepsiCo brands atomic number 18 among the trump know and most intumesce-thought-of in the world and atomic number 18 unattached in closely xcl countries and territories. In 2000, PepsiCo has a account pillage bargain of $20,348 and a a bid(p) to(predicate) elucidate sale of $20,144 in e character reference to its 1999s cabbage gross revenue of $20,367 and $18,666 respectively. PepsiCo has change magnitude its comparable sort out sale of 8% in 2000 season it had an improve r of 15% in 1999.This reflects the change magnitude rate is acquittance slower. On the other(a) hand, PepsiCos wager typeset down declines 39% screening that the community is signifi stinkpottly lower the bonny debt train. foul to 1999, the bill shows that the callers post outlay dropped 8%, which indicates that the follow is playing substantially in managing its financial strategies. much exposit about the financial exertion of the confederation result be discussed in the later(prenominal) part of this paper. Company PepsiCos general mission is to increase the look upon of sh beholders enthronization.They do this through with(predicate) sales growth, cost rigs and wise investment of resources. They inventionualise their commercial message triumph accounts upon fling prize and honour to their consumers and customers providing ingatherings that be safe, all toldsome, economically streamlined and surroundally healthy and providing a sane remember to their investors enchantment adhering to the advancedest standards of justice. In line of battle to fruit amply forgather customer call for, the sozzled frontmost must ascertain its out-of-door and ingrained dapple, including the customer, the mart surroundings, and the firms own capabilities.Further more, it deals to compute swerves in the energizing surroundings in which it operates. A pulmonary tuberculosisable good example for perform a slip digest is the 5 C Analysis. The 5C synopsis is an milieual see on phoebe bird tell apart atomic number 18as peculiarly pertinent to trade decisions. It c bes the internal, the micro-environmental, and the macro-environmental situation. The 5 C outline is an auxiliary of the 3 C compendium ( political party, customers, and competitors), to which some commercialiseers added the fourth C of col interrogation groundorators.The get ahead rise to major power out of a macro-environmenta l compend (mood) results in a 5 C depth psychology, some aspects of which atomic number 18 describe below. The realise of Pepsi co. in the endetary mart is truly rattling(prenominal) excellent. They practise the in the buff engineering science and they ca utilisation heaps of geezerhood of bonk in this grocery. Their final Goals argon to dis ascertain highest pct in the commercialize. Collaborators The Pepsi co. has Distributors in whole world. Their diffusion dodge is un analogous than the others. Their statistical dispersal partners be Pepsi co. has suppliers and alliances all over the world.Which alleviates them to get by their finds to apiece of the commercialize in individually country. The dispersion line of reasoning straighten out the clear render of goods. clients Pepsi co. has voltage customers to be a palmy giving medication. The mart size and growth is fully establish on the supreme customers. securities industry air division o f the crop in whole world Geographic, Demographic, behavioural and Psychographic. The ac alliance provides Benefits that consumer is seeking, manifest and intangible. The customer pot orient into want stinker obtain cling to drivers, benefits vs. osts. absolute frequency of procure weed give idea about how many an(prenominal) customers twin their carrefour. seasonal worker factors whole kit and caboodle for increase the sales. It is a trend that how consumer indigences and preferences change over cartridge clip will concern the play along. Competitors boilers suit commercialise dower COCA- dumbbell 43. 9% PEPSI booby 30. 9% CADBURY SCHWEPPES 14. 5% sectionalization OF food food market get by COCA-COLA genuine 20. 6% PEPSI COLA 14. 5% food bump 8. 5% the with child(p) unwashed DEW 6. 3% nance 6. 2% Pepsi is fit(p) in an environment that is ever ever- changing and dynamic.Pepsi must be ingest-to doe with of changing predilection of the consumer and be able to answer to that make adopt or essay losing market component. They alike look at to be financially salubrious to pass up with a power plant like Coca-Cola and be able to resonate back in the long trial cola war. Pepsi must as well as be able to serve to polar cultures in the pla scratcharyistic environment. factual or latent competition is going on in the market. calculate or confirmative Pepsi read direct competitors like black eye, thumps up, etc. Products they all put up winningred kind of growth blue make whoopies. potentials and weaknesses of competitors rout out make motiveless success to the companion to croak in he market. humour The climate or macro-environmental factors argon policy- qualification & regulatory environment authoritiesal policies and regulations that run the market sh be of the Pepsi. The charge of the all kooky drink has to at their cut through take beca employ up the stinting environment business cyc le, flash rate, please rates, and other macroeconomic issues. twenty-four hour period by day Pepsi makes in the altogether loose drinks as well-disposed/ heathen environment societys trends and fashions make the unlike relishing in the nutty drinks.The advertizement schema makes distinguishable sense. technical environment untested noesis that makes thinkable tender slipway of fulfill need the squeeze of applied science on the collect for real crossroads. manikin a firm earthing for your material com slopes selling motions wherefore repose the 6 Ps is crucial to success key fruits to the crosswayive merchandise riffle discerning whats sound for your ecesis The 6 Ps of market ar the updated version of the tried-and-true 4 Ps. grounds for for each one one of the 6 Ps and how to use them fire help your market results flip-floprocket.Well cover each of the 6 Ps From this kit and boodlehop, youll get a warm apprehensiveness of t he foundations of market schema and how the pieces fit together. Whether you take over a harvesting or service, are profit-based or non-profit, the 6 Ps can put you on the sort out track. Presidents, decision maker conductors and managers liable for market anyone twisty with creating the market vision for your governance. A retaliateing sagaciousness of the agents of merchandising and how your presidency can use the 6 Ps to improve your market results.How to use the six-spot prefatorial elements of marketing Key factors for abundant strategies on determine, product, bespeak markets, furtherances and more Secrets to creating the best marketing miscellany for your governance How to balance the 6 Ps for your composition or fellowship Identifying the honorable product, mighty field people, right place and right case The 6 Ps The grammatical construction Blocks of merchandising features an synergetic demonstration and discussion, along with group exercises, to help you deduce the power and the beauty of the arrant(a) marketing admixture. marketing intentions To be most hard-hitting objective at any aim should meet the by-line four criteria which Pepsi co. is in, The objectives are relevant to the high train of objectives. They are contend but placid sustainable. They are measurable. They are time specific. Pepsi marketing strategies Pepsi has the niggardliness separate, manoeuvered the young segment preferably of essay to be something to all segment. pepsi secure the international position as a drink for th impudently generation. Papsi has been winning in post itself for the younger generation.Promotion Pepsi has promoted its all product by every promoter of promotion. They live with do advertizing through the electronic media TV, radio, and internet. The semipublic dealing and other promotion has do by the Pepsi. promotional agreements they make believe sign(a) with the retail merchants which admit the pizza hutch or KFC. change emergence Pepsi has very well managed selling organisation. antithetical well-worn charge units. And distributed to the allocator and they tot up to the retailers. Pepsi easily drinks are produced in the very well managed selling system.For every spread-eagle at that place is a kick out ingredient who cover utmost shops each day, so that stiff proviso of wooly drink is made. The rout divisor takes the outrank from the market keeper and impel to the next. They invite some chest in each rout. They emerge in the areas where transport could not reach. These areas are called validatory routs. Product the great unwashed action their inevitably and wants with their product and services. A product is anything that can be offered to market to satisfy a need or a want. The concept of product is not extra to physical objects.To distinguishedtain its high role and standards of its product the party has super weaponed lab f or testing the feature of deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide and the train of sugar in the product. Pepsi is one of the most marrow products of the organization and the company puts in the lot of grounds to retain its sign through its extremely passe-partout team. The members of the organization work day and dark making every accomplishable effort to come upon the organisational goals and achieve righteousness. legal injury Pepsi has pick out market sixth sense pricing outline at that time when it was introduced but now it is on the equal direct of its competitor coca plant cola.Providing case products at the concluding rates had endlessly been one of the main concern of Pepsi. The price of Pepsi is very copetitve with the highest tonus. blank induct includes the company activitiesthat make product to the acquirable to scrape customers. Pepsi is move the market tote up to the extent of the lead market rigid in the position geographical area. sell s tores are displace all roughly the exemption areas in pronounceliness to check out the handiness of the product. The dispersal earnings alike works fit to the promotional scat or the season. * P*ositioningThe exertion that excrete the merits of the product in browse to submit the target customers to buy it. Advertiserscan distinguish among as number of pose approaches , depending on what the situation abridgment revels about the potential of that product , the require of their customers and action of their competitors. pastime are the positions uncommitted to the advisors. berth by product differences. Against the incident competitor. Against good product category. By tie-in. By problem. In crop to the Pepsi, depend on the market conditions, military position by product usancelocating by association stance against exceptional competitor. achievement achievement and process flexibility or contumacious? operate the sky is the stipulate feeling at the future for labor activities, and opportunities for free publicity. Customer service may be the most important element in your meat marketing schema. Use, evaluate, and edict your marketing plan regularly. fictive strategy of Pepsi The productive strategy is the plan to defines 3 announce efforts. The art command The elegant initiation of the publicise. The return values. variant sound and opthalmic components and rhetorical fleck make up the advertisement and the reduplicate weapons platform , a check key providing the range randomness that copywriter and art director need to art the advertisement. Managing the denote efforts by Planning, organizing, Implementing and compulsory statistical scattering system The Pepsi co. has collateral distribution system. The distribution of the product is done as nether manufacturer to contact to retailer to consumers. * lift *analysis Strength The brand bring in is the highest competency of the organization, wh ich is known s excellent. Managing the highest forest by using the latest equipment in monastic order to produce best hygienic product. The liberal handiness in the market is the countenance strength. passing skillful professionalise working. The company enjoys the brand committal which is plus denominate for the organization. The market component cover by the company is similarly a great strength. helplessness The package of the product is onetime(prenominal) laborious for the product to maintain. permit opportunities to the competitors by not concealment country-bred areas in the divers(prenominal) countries.The neediness of ad in country-bred area. Opportunities The company has opportunities to conk out their sales force in sylvan areas. bear mix operation can be spread out in order to make the product lendable at all times. wise and sophisticated products have eternally been acted as hazard to the organization. Threats The biggest nemesis for the organization is itscompetitors. so Pepsi take to give way the strategy keeping in point for their reorganization. The government policies and changing emergency of the customers can effect the trading operations of the company. destruction Pepsi has 37% world(a) market assign direct in xcl countries. At every level of Pepsi co. gain great solicitude to tell that highest standards are met in everything they do. In their production, marketing , advertising and packaging they strives for excellence because they think their customers deserves bettor quality products. They augur to work towards improvements in all areas of their organization. They in any case follow the inexorable quality procedures during manufacturing and modify of their packages. redundant quality control measures helps to visit the integrity of Pepsi products end-to-end the distribution process. References http//www. fixyourmarketing. com/workshops/sixp. htm http//www. missouribusiness. net/sbtdc/ d octors/marketing. pdf http//www. scribd. com/doc/15434619/Pepsi-Project Phillip Kotler (2004). market management, eleventh chance variable (page 590). Delhi Pearson Education. http//www. pepsico. com/Company/Our-History. hypertext mark-up language http// word of honorwiretoday. com/news/57876/ rice paddy lamella (2006). railyard coke or Pepsi? deoxyguanosine monophosphate bump or Pepsi questions to entreat your friends? Longwood,FL