Plastic materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plastic materials - Essay Example By using Autodesk Moldflow Insight software, the user is able to add packing filling and phases of the injection moulding process. This allows for a greater ability to forecast the melted plastic flow model at a higher manufacturing quality than usual. This ability will also allow engineers to help enhance gate locations, systems of balance runner, process assessment, and part defect correction with more preciseness. Mould manufacturers greatly benefit from the ability of the software to simulate effects of non-uniform mould temperatures, better assess adjusted valve-gate timing categorizations and the hot versus cold runner flow system associations. All of these can be achieved along with the spread simulation competencies of selective models. These can now go beyond ordinary thermoplastic injection moulding to state moulding procedures. Procedures which require gas aided co-injection, and injection compression. Another advantage of using Autodesk Moldflow Insight software is that it offers a constant monitoring of inventors, mould makers, and engineers whose work in a simulation set up and consequences allow the program to better understand the required performance of the moulded plastic material. The program comes to better understand and depict the alterations to geometry, material, mould designs, wall width, and circumstances that affect plastic manufacturability. This means that â€Å"what-if† situations in design problems. are most likely real problems that the software already knows how to handle when it comes to design confirmation.

Mangrove Analysis Report Essay Example for Free

Mangrove Analysis Report Essay Introduction Coastal mud flats throughout the tropics carry a vegetation of mangrove swamp, which is particularly luxuriant in the wet tropics, such as Cairns itself. These evergreen trees and shrubs share similar habitat preferences, and a similar appearance to the untrained eye. This report will explain my findings in this biological topic, and describe the adaptations the mangroves have developed in order to survive the harsh location of estuaries and wetlands; the typical layout of mangrove communities through an original transect; representative specimen samples and descriptions; and also the typical state of the water and thus the environment through regular water samples. Adaptations The estuaries, salt marshes, swamps and wetlands mangroves live in represent hostile environments to mainland vegetation and have forced upon mangrove evolution a few peculiar adaptations such as tolerance of salty water, the development of pneumatophores (breathing roots), and a marked tendency to germinate their seeds on the tree. These features have consequently enabled mangroves to dominate the muddy coasts, leaving few competitors and only a small percentage of non-mangroves surviving in the harsh conditions, most of the non-mangroves, as you will find, being part of the myrtle family. Because of salt water and oxygen-deficient soil, many mangrove trees have roots growing above the ground. The names of these roots are: prop roots, buttress roots, pneumatophores or knee roots, and surface roots. These  project above the mud and have small openings (lenticels) through which air penetrates and oxygen is absorbed through the spongy tissue to the roots beneath. Estuaries and swamps impose very high water salinity. In fact salinity percentages can stand on average 3%s as high as seawater! For this purpose, mangroves have acquired three ways to survive with high and variable quantities of salt in their environment. Some trees absorb the salt then secrete it through a gland at the indented apex of the midrib. The Lumnitzera Racemosa is only an example. Other mangroves absorb the salt, then direct it to old leaves or bark that are soon to be lost from the plant, while others actually exclude salt entirely from their tissues by filtering all input in the roots. The sap of these types of species is therefore almost of the same salinity as common mainland plants. Examples of these organisms are the Ceriops Tagal and the Rhizophora Stylosa or Red Mangrove, part of the very common Rhizophoraceae family. Another particular adaptation of many mangroves is seed and fruit dispersal by water. The swamp plants have waterborne seeds, which are buoyant being enclosed in air-containing fruits, like all species of Rhizophoraceae. For some, the seeds are dispersed by water, making the buoyancy of the fruit crucial. They lie horizontal in seawater, and on reaching brackish water, turn vertically roots down and buds up. The fruit then lodges itself in the mud along the trip, and quickly produce additional roots, and begin to grow as a shoot. But in other cases, the seed produces roots while still attached to the parent tree. This long embryonic root emerges from the seed and grows rapidly downward, still hanging from the parent. This ensures that when the seed falls, the root is in the correct position to be driven into the mud, and send up new shoots. This germination method is called viviparity, or more accurately, viviparous seedling. Hostile Environment As observed in the table opposing, salinity records are extremely high, ranging from 3.3% to 3.65%. This causes the mangroves to have trouble  regulating water/salt input, although they are better adapted to the conditions than non-mangroves and mainland plants. The average pH level is 6.25, which remains fairly stable. Average salt density is 1.023 grams/cm3, and is just as representative as the salinity percentages. Common Mangroves The most common mangrove trees in the estuaries visited in personal and school time trips were as following, in decreasing order of estimated frequency:  ·Rhizophora stylosa  ·Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina)  ·Orange Mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)  ·Lumnitzera racemosa  ·Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha)  ·Myrtle Mangrove (Osbornia octodonta) Amongst others, these species will be presented and analysed on the following pages, giving specific labelling, descriptions, and adaptation discussion for each specimen. Excoecaria agallocha Analysis:  ·Leaf description: The leaves are alternate, simple, oval, and shorter than 10 cm; they have a shiny surface and a pointed tip. Some can have slightly toothed edges.  ·Stem description: round, brown, flexible; with brown, rough bark.  ·Sap description: Poisonous white sticky latex is exuded from broken surfaces.  ·Root type: surface root.  ·Flower type and description: Male inflorescence hangs narrow and furry, while the female inflorescence is green, beady, 1-4 cm long.  ·Fruit description: three-lobed fleshy capsules, green to brown.  ·Seedling type: viviparous seedling. [By Nathania Burrie] [User: TaniaSmartTwit] [[emailprotected]] [March 2002] This species of mangrove has developed horizontal rows of corky-brown air pores on the trunk, which are called lenticels. These aid oxygen input by allowing air to enter the plant tissues on a higher part of tree, that has less risks of clogging by soil or oils, than the roots. Indeed, the root system used by this mangrove is the surface root, which only allows oxygen to penetrate at low tide, when the roots are revealed to the air, if they are even emerged from the mud. On a reproduction point of view, the seeds are live and enclosed in three-lobed shells that contain air, and are therefore buoyant. The shell is then carried away with the incoming tide and under the factors of water salinity and temperature, will deteriorate more or less quickly, until the buds anchor onto an ideal shore. This particular mangrove also secretes a blinding poison from any injured surfaces to protect itself from external aggressors. This sap is irritating to the skin, and some derivations of the genus can even cause blisters. However, this defence mechanism is only effective against aggressors once they have learnt a lesson. Ceriops tagal Analysis:  ·Leaf description: The leaves are a waxy yellow-green, shorter than 8 cm, opposite, simple, oval; they have a pointed apex, and occur in clusters at the end of the branch.  ·Stem: average.  ·Root type: buttress root, and knee roots.  ·Flower description: small green to brown buds with five green petals.  ·Fruit description: small viviparous fruit enclosed in small, brown, beady capsules.  ·Seedling type: viviparous seedling. [By Nathania Burrie] [User: TaniaSmartTwit] [[emailprotected]] [March 2002] Just like the Bruguiera and the Rhizophora, this species of mangrove uses a different type of viviparous germination from the Excoecaria agallocha. Embryonic roots emerge from the seeds and grow downward. When the seeds fall, they are driven into the mud, and send up new shoots. To prevent burning, the leaves are often orientated straight up in the air to avoid strong midday sunlight. Osbornia octodonta Analysis:  ·Leaf description: 2-3cm long, opposite, simple.  ·Stem: red tinge to the base of the leaves, grey and stringy bark.  ·Root type: surface roots.  ·Flower description: roundish white flowers with a red nucleus, usually 1cm wide.  ·Fruit description: a bit larger than the flower, similar shape.  ·Seedling type: non-viviparous. [By Nathania Burrie] [User: TaniaSmartTwit] [[emailprotected]] [March 2002] Being both of the Myrtaceae family the Myrtle mangrove and the eucalyptus tree share the very same fresh smell when the leaves are crushed. The seeds of the Myrtle mangrove are not viviparous, so the species cannot  spread to a vast surface area using the water-dispersed viviparous propagules as mentioned earlier. Interestingly, however, the crushed leaves can be rubbed on the skin as an insect repellent! Acrostichum speciosum Analysis:  ·Leaf description: Exceptionally, the leaves of this mangrove are fronds, and are known to reach up to 2m long! The smaller leaflets, though, are up to 15cm long. Leaves are alternate.  ·Stem description: yellowish-green, supple.  ·Root type: normal fibrous root.  ·Flower type and description: Ferns do not produce flowers, but have spores on the underside of the leaf instead.  ·Fruit description: Ferns do not produce fruit either. The Mangrove fern is the only fern that inhabits the mangal forest floor. In fact, all other ferns found in the mangroves are epiphytes (see definition chapter). Characteristically of ferns, this species does not have any flowers or fruit, but spores instead. Rhizophora stylosa Analysis:  ·Leaf description: simple, opposite, usually 10cm long or more, the undersides are of a lighter green dotted with brown speckles. They are gathered in clusters at the end of the branch.  ·Bark description: rough, brown, and red when scraped (thus the common name Red Mangrove)  ·Root type: prop roots or stilt roots (thus the name Spider Mangrove)  ·Flower type and description: small white, four-lobed flowers that are pollinated by wind or insects.  ·Fruit description: viviparous propagules, generally measuring 30cm or up to 40cm.  ·Seedling type: viviparous seedling. [By Nathania Burrie] [User: TaniaSmartTwit] [[emailprotected]] [March 2002] The Rhizophora stylosa has also developed lenticels on the trunk, just like the Excoecaria agallocha. This helps to allow air into the plant when the prop roots are submerged at high tide or in the anaerobic mud. The Red mangroves reproductive mechanism is viviparous, which represents a strong advantage compared to the majority of mangroves presented in this report. Avicennia marina Analysis:  ·Leaf description: simple, opposite, green, epileptic leaves of roughly 10cm, with a silver underside, and salt secreting glands.  ·Bark description: dull, grey-white bark (thus the common name Grey mangrove and White mangrove)  ·Root type: pneumatophores.  ·Flower type and description: tiny golden, four-petalled flowers.  ·Fruit description: The fruits measure from 1 to 2cm in length, are green, and faintly furry.  ·Seedling type: non-viviparous. Pneumatophores are air vessels; a type of mangrove root that grow above the substratum or mud, and perpendicular to the main root underground. They transport oxygen, which is vital, into the tissues of the plant. But pneumatophores are just as susceptible to clogging as other pores in the other types of roots when the tide is high, or when parasites feed into the pores of the root. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Analysis:  ·Leaf description: simple, opposite, large leaves (10 to 20cm), with a slightly curled side and a pointed tip, occurring in clumps at the end of branches.  ·Bark description: The Bark is of a very dark brown, with a coarse, rough texture.  ·Root type: knee roots.  ·Flower type and description: 8 to 16-lobed red flowers, approximately 4cm long and 3cm diameter.  ·Fruit description: green, wide viviparous propagules, average 15cm long.  ·Seedling type: viviparous seedling. The viviparity of this species is surely an advantage, and obviously a way to adjust to the harsh environment the travelling seeds would otherwise perish in. Indeed, the propagules are nourished on the tree, accumulating the carbohydrates and other compounds required for later independent growth. The pre-germinated seeds benefit from the achievement of a structural complexity that will help it acclimate to extreme physical conditions that might otherwise prevent normal seed germination. Any other mangrove that uses this reproductive mechanism benefits from the same advantages. Knee roots are simply another type of root channels that emerge from the substratum to absorb oxygen through lenticels. Lumnitzera racemosa Analysis:  ·Leaf description: simple and alternate. Small (up to 7cm), fleshy, spatulate. Indentation at the apex of the leaf, where a salt-secreting gland is visible.  ·Bark description: grey, fissured.  ·Root type: small knee roots.  ·Flower type and description: small white flowers (~2cm).  ·Fruit description: green, capsule-shaped fruit.  ·Seedling type: non-viviparous. [By Nathania Burrie] [User: TaniaSmartTwit] [[emailprotected]] [March 2002] One way the Black mangrove has adapted to the brackish water is by using a particular salt mechanism: excretion. (See pages 1-2) The leaves are very fleshy and rigid to feel. This is because the plant stores more moisture in the leaves than ordinary mangroves. Definitions Aerial root roots grow from high branches downwards, sometimes without reaching the ground. Buttress root close, tightly curved roots dividing from the trunk. Compound leaf The blade is divided into two or more distinct leaflets. Epiphyte a plant that uses another plant (usually a tree) for support but not for water or nutrients. Some are able to trap their food and water in their leaves and roots. Knee root root emerging suddenly from the ground, in a triangular shape. Lenticel is a loosely packed mass of cells in the bark of a woody plant, visible on the surface of a stem as a powdery spot, through which gaseous exchange occurs. These are inactive during high tide. Lichen an organism consisting of a fungus and an algae or bacterium living in symbiotic association. Lichens can be crust-like, leafy, scaly, or shrubby in form. (Many lichens are extremely sensitive to atmospheric pollution and have been used as pollution indicators!) Pneumatophore is an air vessel; a type of mangrove root that grows above the substratum or mud, and is perpendicular to the main root underground. It transports oxygen, which is vital, into the tissues of the plant. Prop root straight roots often well visible from the ground, dividing from the trunk to the ground Simple leaf not divided into leaflets. Viviparous seedlings are seeds that sprout while still attached to the parent tree. Viviparity and the long-lived propagules allow the mangroves to spread over wide areas. It is a way to adjust to the harsh environment the travelling seeds would otherwise perish in. Indeed, the propagules are nourished on the tree, accumulating the carbohydrates and other compounds required for later autonomous growth. These pre-germinated seeds benefit from the achievement of a structural complexity that will help it acclimate to extreme physical conditions that might otherwise prevent normal seed germination. Transect  ·Dominant species: Non-mangroves (26%)  ·Dominant mangrove species: Orange mangrove (21.7%)  ·Tallest species: Eucalyptus non-mangrove (~11.5m)  ·Tallest mangrove species: Orange mangrove (~10m)  ·Tallest species by average heights: Rhizophora Stylosa (9m), Orange mangrove (8.8m), Black mangrove (8m)  ·Highest substrate scale: 3.5 (sink mid calf / knee)  ·Lowest substrate scale: 1 (firm)  ·Estimated average substrate scale: ~1.5 (soft to walk on)  ·Highest light scale: 5 (most open area)  ·Lowest light scale: 1 (mud completely shaded)  ·Estimated average light scale: 3 (dappled patches of light) Approximate Species percentages Pie Graph The transect is a linear cut through the mangroves directly from the shore to the woodlands. This transect was taken at Trinity Park Estuary, and can obviously not be drawn as an exemplary model for the standard zonation of mangroves. But the transect is, however, accurate and a representative sample of the mangal region it was taken in. The most common mangrove species of this region is the Orange mangrove or the Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza, representing over 21% of the mangal population. The height of the mangroves ranged from 0.75m to 10m for the Mangrove fern Acrostichum Speciosum to the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza respectively. The average height of the mangroves was 6.4m. Logically, the most open area within the transect was at a regrowth area (2.5m to 7.5m distance from shore) where very small viviparous seedlings were making their way through the anaerobic mud. This patch of mud was probably caused by regular incoming tides washing away young seedlings, making it difficult to cover itself with vegetation. Also, the regular marching of visiting fishermen and excursion students surely didnt help Mangrove swamps used to be regarded as smelly, muddy, mosquito-filled crocodile environments. They were avoided and many were replaced by rubbish tips or drowned in soil for new construction sites. The result is that today, mangrove swamps are lacking. They have finally been recognised as crucial to the ecosystem they represent, and are valued for primary resources in exportation. Ironically, us excursion students were visiting the mangroves to learn about the mangal environment and the way these plants work, although we were also, as a group, contributing to damaging the site by stepping on young growths, ripping samples from the trees etc. The damage caused to the plants was trivial but symbolic. It is important that the new generation learns about the fragility and importance of mangroves throughout the world, for their many significant purposes. They are in fact vanishing in many countries, while it has been learnt over the years and still should be taught to value these places instead of taking them for granted.

Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences Title: How Gardeners Multiple Intelligence Theories Can Aid Adolescents Learning in A Design and Technology Secondary School Workshop Main Topic : Education Education is a key stone to one’s future. One of the stages involved in education is the adolescent stage. The education in this period is vital. There are various theories put forward in education to aid the teachers to understand the young students and take them in the right way of educating them to build their future which ought to be bright. There are a whole host of theories about intelligence, none of which really agree with each other. Every approach to thinking or the mind comes up with its own different theory of what intelligence is, each from its own different perspective, with its own assumptions. Views and thoughts should not be thrusted on the young minds without understanding the mental capacity of the students, as this may lead to improper training imparted to them, and not bringing out their essential talents in the field of education, and not making them achieve their goals. Each adolescent intelligence should be identified and teachers should enable them in bringing out their talents and helping them to discover what they are good at and what can really make them use their potential in education. One such author who put across his theories for the welfare of the students and teachers, especially helping the teachers to aid the adolescents learning in the secondary school level using various designs and technologies in the secondary school workshop is Howard Gardner Ph.D who is a professor at Harvard University and the author of many books and articles. His theory of multiple intelligences has challenged long-held assumptions about intelligence especially about a single measure of intelligence. His theory of multiple intelligences makes people think about IQ, about being smart. The theory is changing the way some teachers teach. When Howard Gardners book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Basic Books, 1983) burst on the scene, it seemed to answer many questions for experienced teachers. There were students who didnt fit the mold though they were bright, but they didnt excel on tests. Gardners claim that there are several different kinds of intelligence gave us and others involved with teaching and learning a way of beginning to understand those students. We would look at what they could do well, instead of what they could not do. Later Gardner books, such as The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (Basic Books, 1991) and Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (Basic Books, 1993) helped us understand how multiple intelligences could help us teach and evaluate our students in new and better ways. THE ORIGINAL SEVEN INTELLIGENCES Howard Gardner first identified and introduced to us seven different kinds of intelligence in Frames of Mind. Linguistic intelligence: a sensitivity to the meaning and order of words. Some students are more sensitive to the meaning and order of words. Their intelligence is based on this. By telling the appropriate meaning of the objects and the order of the words make them understand better about the subject they are learning. Logical-mathematical intelligence: ability in mathematics and other complex logical systems. Some students are clever in mathematics and the logic they implement in solving the mathematical problems effectively is based on this intelligence Musical intelligence: the ability to understand and create music. Musicians, composers and dancers show a heightened musical intelligence. Some students are very creative and more involved in music and they tend to be more intelligent in that manner. They might be less drawn towards theory part of their study, the subjects have to be selected in such a manner pertaining to their musical area. In different countries the education techniques and modes of education are not the same. In certain countries the adolescents are forced to study their theoretical subjects eventhougjh they may have other intelligences. So they are forced to develop their skills of intelligence outside the education arena. Spatial intelligence: the ability to think in pictures, to perceive the visual world accurately, and recreate (or alter) it in the mind or on paper. Spatial intelligence is highly developed in artists, architects, designers and sculptors. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the ability to use ones body in a skilled way, for self-expression or toward a goal. Mimes, dancers, basketball players, and actors are among those who display bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Interpersonal intelligence: an ability to perceive and understand other individuals their moods, desires, and motivations. Political and religious leaders, skilled parents and teachers, and therapists use this intelligence. Intrapersonal intelligence: an understanding of ones own emotions. Some novelists and or counselors use their own experience to guide others. Eighth intelligence the naturalist intelligence : Gardner identified an eighth intelligence, the naturalist intelligence. Gardner discussed the eighth intelligence with Kathy Checkley, in an interview for Educational Leadership, The First Seven and the Eighth. Gardner said, The naturalist intelligence refers to the ability to recognize and classify plants, minerals, and animals, including rocks and grass and all variety of flora and fauna. The ability to recognize cultural artifacts like cars or sneakers may also depend on the naturalist intelligence. †¦(S)ome people from an early age are extremely good at recognizing and classifying artifacts. Gardner identified Charles Darwin as a prime example of this type of intelligence. Based on his theories workshops are designed for the adolescents in order to achieve the goals in education and make them come out in flying coloiurs so that they might be successful in the future career. Each student mind varies. Some of them are very active, yet they do not fair well in studies. Some of them are good in creative subjects, this happens due to the frames of mind and intelligence as Howard correctly states in his theories of multiple intelligence. So a teacher cannot expect all students to be alike and be of the same calibre. It is the teacher’s duty and responsibility to identify the kind of intelligence of the students. So Gardner’s theories have helped the current curriculum to design different workshops which train and aid students and implementing various techniques for the adolescents to bring out their intelligence skills based on their IQ. When the educator comes to know that a particular youth is having more of spatial intelligence, then things must be explained to him on the basis of picturesque techniques in the workshop at their secondary school level. The behaviourists contradict the concept of high level intelligence. The entire mind is built from the ground up from simple Stimulus-Response pairings, building higher and higher level functioning out of this simple technology. The surprising thing is that it seems to work as a model for some types of tasks Every adolescent basically has General intelligence where the intelligence was composed of a single component that was easily measured on inteliigence tests. While they proved to be partially right (about 70% of your IQ is this factor usually referred to as g), the improvement of the testing methods, combined with the direct measurement of g by a technique called Evoked Potential proved that they could not be totally right. This lead Howard Gardener, by 1980 to extend the theory of general intelligence to include a set of Specific Intelligences which make up the other 30% of your IQ score. There has been some sucess in finding evidense to support some of gardeners seven catagories, and the general technique of spotting extra components that go to make up your IQ is extendable to a lot more than 7 categories. Design and Technology (in the UK) as a mainstream subject since curriculum began. When the term the 3Rs was coined in Parliament in 1840, Hansard recorded that it stood for Reading, Wroughting and Arithmetic. Designing and making is an intelligent activity. It can stand comfortably at the centre of any curriculum. It is entirely compatible with high levels of numeracy and literacy the design process itself draws on areas such as maths, science, technology, communication and art. Designing is a truly creative and intellectually challenging activity; developing divergent and creative abilities is a basic function of education. One of the main aims of the department is to inspire and empower our future designers and engineers and excite passion in our teaching so that they can develop products they love with sensitivity to an ever-changing world market. The youth are offered through well Designed workshops a series of simple design and make tasks. These introduce the students to the design process, basic graphics skills and introductory workshop practice. they will then gain a sound insight of the breadth and depth of subject content including a range of manufacturing skills in woods, metals and plastics control systems and design history. The course builds on these skills and knowledge, and the students are required to design and manufacture a product supported by a portfolio of design work. The Education then becomes challenging and satisfying and builds significantly allowing students to specialise in key areas of study including CAD and CAM, graphics and product design philosophy/history. Students at this level need to liase with industry on product briefs so that the prototypes they produce are developed fully and satisfy the demands of the consumer in the market place. IMPLEMENTING GARDNERS THEORY IN THE CLASSROOM When asked how educators should implement the theory of multiple intelligences, Gardner says, (I)ts very important that a teacher take individual differences among the youth very seriously . The bottom line being a deep interest in them and find how their minds are different from one another, and in helping them use their minds well. An awareness of multiple-intelligence theory has stimulated teachers to find more ways of helping all students in their classes. Some schools do this by adapting curriculum. In Variations on a Theme: How Teachers Interpret MI (Multiple Intelligence ) Theory, (Educational Leadership, September 1997), Linda Campbell describes five approaches to curriculum change: Lesson design plays a major role for the adolescents in education Lesson design. Some schools focus on lesson design. This might involve team teaching (teachers focusing on their own intelligence strengths), using all or several of the intelligences in their lessons, or asking student opinions about the best way to teach and learn certain topics. Several workshops using different design techniques aids the students by identifying their area of expertise and to which type intelligence category they fall into based on Howard Gardner’s theories of multiple intelligence. Interdisciplinary units. Secondary schools often include interdisciplinary units. Discipline plays a major role in one’s all-round development of every adolescent to the words pertaining to the saying â€Å"Man is a social animal†. Student projects. Students can learn to initiate and manage complex projects when they are creating student projects. Assessments. Assessments are devised which allow students to show what they have learned. Sometimes this takes the form of allowing each student to devise the way he or she will be assessed, while meeting the teachers criteria for quality. Apprenticeships. Apprenticeships can allow students to gain mastery of a valued skill gradually, with effort and discipline over time. Gardner feels that apprenticeships †¦should take up about one-third of a students schooling experience. With an understanding of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences, teachers, school administrators, and parents can better understand the learners in their midst. They can allow students to safely explore and learn in many ways, and they can help students direct their own learning. Adults can help students understand and appreciate their strengths, and identify real-world activities that will stimulate more learning. Bridging the generation gap between the teachers and students in the workshops leads to successive results in educating the adolescents. The profile of new teachers entering schools today varies much more widely than the profile of veterans hired in the 1970s did. Many more beginners are coming from alternative routes, and many are not necessarily committed to making teaching a lifetime career. The question for administrators becomes, How do we encourage promising new educators and help them become highly qualified? This issue investigates which conditions—from mentoring and induction programs to the amount of time spent observing in other teachers classrooms—help improve new educators practice. According to certain suggestions of Educators Working in a school with an integrated professional culture is strongly and positively related to job satisfaction.. Standards-Based Mathematics Workshops are designed on the basis of Multiple intelligences for the adolescents. For example publishers called Hopes Books designs workshops that integrates the best mathematics from the past with the mathematical needs of the new millennium. Hope Martin has over 30 years of experience teaching mathematics at the primary, elementary, middle school, and college levels. Her books bring hands-on, active learning to the mathematics classroom. They encourage integrating mathematics across the curriculum and applying the cognitive theories of Howard Gardener’s, Multiple Intelligences, into mathematics pedagogy The learning Workshops are tailored to meet the needs of teachers at three levels of instruction: inclusive of Middle School/High School Levels. Any of these workshops can be tied to the mathematics goals and objectives developed by one’s districts maths committees. Nowadays All workshops can be designed as one-day (5 hours) or two-day (10 hours) workshops. The workshops are designed to meet the unique needs of the youth in their secondary schools. Middle School/High School Level Workshops Certain Learning design techniques at the workshops currently used are Using Computers in the Mathematics Classroom Integrating Mathematics across the Curriculum–Skills Concepts Manipulatives Activities through the Standards Multiple Intelligences and Mathematics–Ties to Technology Art in the Mathematics Classroom: Using Both Sides of the Brain Using Manipulatives Activities to Teach Algebra Using Manipulatives Activities to Teach Geometry Mathematics for the New Millennium Rethinking Our Beliefs about Mathematics Multiple Intelligence and Mathematics Using Computers in the Mathematics Classroom Integrating Mathematics across the Curriculum–Skills Concepts Manipulatives Activities through the Standards Multiple Intelligences and Mathematics–Ties to Technology Art in the Mathematics Classroom: Using Both Sides of the Brain Using Manipulatives Activities to Teach Algebra . Using Manipulatives Activities to Teach Geometry In addition to designing and manufacturing a product or system to satisfy exam board, any project brief should be targeted allowing pupils to design and manufacture something that exist in a viable market place. In conclusion Howard Gardner’s theories have been highly encouraged the adolescents to develop their own personal identities within the design activity that they follow. They are encouraged to work in a range of materials and must be able to communicate well on paper in both written and sketched form. An understanding of industrial design, development and history (supported where appropriate by organised external trips to design companies and exhibits both nationally and internationally) is a prerequisite and they must also recognise when it is pertinent to liase with industry. So there goes the saying â€Å"Teaching is a Noble profession† in moulding and casting the future of education amongst the adolescents. Howard Gardners Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardners Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner, born on July 11th, 1943, is one of modern days greatest psychologists. (Smith) He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania to parents who escaped from Germany because they were Jewish. (Winner) The holocaust was an influential factor in his life. (Gardner) Another great influence in his life is the death of his brother Eric, although his parents rarely talked about the matter, it significantly impacted his thinking and development. (Smith) In other words, his family and peer greatly shaped who he became today. (Myers 118) He was a brilliant young child, who ended up going to Harvard University with a degree in Law but his interest in psychology and the social sciences grew. (Gardner) Eventually he developed his theory of Multiple Intelligence in 1983 in his book Frames of Mind: theory of multiple intelligences. (Gardner) During that time period psychology was increasingly popular. For example, a prominent field during the 80s and 90s is cultural psychology which assumes the idea that culture and mind are inseparable. (Cultural Psychology) Also that time period contained a lot of economic, social and general change which makes his new idea more acceptable. More importantly the fact that he is American means that he grew up in a free thinking society so he can take from what he learned and transforms it into what he believes is true then pass on his opinions. Three other psychologists who influenced him greatly are Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner and Nelson Goodman. (Gardner 3 of 7) Jean Piaget who deals with the nature of knowledge and how humans can gradually to obtain it, create it, and use it. Also, Jerome Bruner contributed to cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. Goodman dealt with inductive reasoning based on human habit. (Gardner 3 of 7) The three of them goes along with Gardners argument of how children learn knowledge. Also their works caused Gardner to become more interested in social science. Waldorf education developed in the early 1900s by Rudolf Steiner was similar to Gardners ideas. (Why Waldorf Works) It was about integrating practical, artistic and conceptual elements into learning. This education emphasizes imagination and creativity so that students can develop into free, morally responsible and integrated individuals. The first Waldorf School was opened in Germany in 1919 and now there are many schools starting to use methods of Waldorf education. (Why Waldorf Works) Lastly an idea credited to be developed by Jerome Bruner in the 1960s is discovery learning which promoted hands on leaning where learners draw from his or her own experience and prior knowledge. (Discovery Learning (Bruner)) So there were many factors that influenced his thinking and that pushed him to develop his theory. His theory deals with how humans have many different ways to learn and process information. (Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences theory) He believes that everyone has different levels of intelligence in each category which is why some children learn some things faster than others. Gardner believes that intelligence is commonly defined by psychometrics but it does not adequately describe peoples wide assortment of cognitive abilities. IQ tests can sometimes be taken too seriously but it can not determine future success (Gardner 3). Even college aptitude tests are thinly disguised intelligence tests. (Myer 432) For example a child that takes longer to learn multiplication does not mean the child is dumb but that the child is more intelligent in other areas. In the aspect of education, Gardner wants to prioritize because he believes the knowledge we learn is superficial, a mile wide an inch deep. (Guignon) He recognizes that Students learn in ways that are identifiably distinctive so he promotes more student centered as opposed to teacher centered learning which is a very practical idea. According to Garner, there are 8 possibly 10 intelligences; spatial, linguistic, logical, bodily, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Spatial is the ability to visualize with the minds eye. (Chapman) Linguistic intelligence deals with words, spoken or written. These people learn best by reading, taking notes, listening to lectures, and discussion. (Chapman) Logical-mathematical is about logic, abstractions, reasoning, and numbers, reasoning capabilities scientific thinking and investigation traditional concepts of intelligence or IQ. (Chapman) Bodily-kinesthetic is the control of ones bodily motions and the capacity to handle objects skillfully. Musical intelligence deals with sounds, rhythms, tones, and music sing, play musical instruments. (Lane) Interpersonal intelligence is about interaction with others. They are mostly extroverts, characterized by their sensitivity to others moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations and cooperate well with others. (Lane) Intrapersonal is the introspective and self-reflective capacities. Those people are introverted but good at deciphering their own feelings and motivations. (Lane) Lastly is naturalistic who deals a lot with nature relating information to ones natural surroundings. The ninth intelligence is not fully confirmed yet but it is existential which is about contemplating phenomena or questions beyond sensory data. And finally, the tenth is moral intelligences dealing with ethics and the value of life. (Chapman) His theory greatly changed the minds of many and started the development of more encompassing schools. Traditionally, schools have highlighted the development of logical and linguistic intelligence but many students do not learn well in that environment. (Lane) Gardners theory argues that students will be better served by a wider vision of education, wherein teachers use different methods to teach all students not just the few that are intelligent logically or linguistically. (Guignon) Although, many teachers see the theory as simple common sense and some even say they already know that student learn in different ways, Gardners system has not been accepted by most academics teachings. (Guignon) Some schools however, have developed to better fit Gardners ideas. For example, one of the most famous schools that implement Gardners theory is the New City School in St. Louis, Missouri. This school has been using the theory since 1988 (Why New City School) There has been much criticism for his theory though. Some say he uses the word intelligence in place of ability. (Gilman) Others say that he has not settled on a single definition of intelligence though he admits himself that he has no fixed definition. (Gilman) Lastly and most importantly, he has no empirical evidence for this theory. (Smith) In fact, some neurological research disproves his theory and his previous works has major flaws. (Smith) Recently, the current No Child Left Behind act passed by the Bush administration does not encompass his theory at all because the Act is about having students all pass standardized tests while he wants to get rid of those tests in order to reach out to every childs needs. (No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) | ESEA) His theory affects us so much today because it relates to education; Gardner goes into how schools only teach superficial knowledge meaning schools teach a lot of everything but not in depth into anything so some kids may excel in one area but not the other. (Gardner)There is too much shallow knowledge so he suggests that children should learn and actually understand concepts not just learn for taking a test. (Smith) If he obtains more support for his theory, the whole education system will have to be changed. But his idea of an education system should work well because this will help make the education system more fair and encompassing for all kids. Right now, some children that may seem like they are failing school but their failure is not because they are dumb but because the way subjects are taught in school is not how he or she can comprehend and utilize. (Gardner) Even though Gardners theory is appealing, it will probably not work because there is no widespread support especially from government. (No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) | ESEA) Also, individual teachers especially in lower grades have unconsciously adapted parts of his theories but because in higher grades there is more lecture style teaching, his theory rarely applied to higher education. (Guignon) Furthermore there is so much controversy over this theory because it keeps on changing and there is no proof which makes it hard to completely believe this theory. (Smith) Additionally, since Gardner is still alive, he can keep on changing his theory and getting more evidence and support. (Gardner) Lastly, some schools have already adapted his theory such as the New city school. This school published many books about implementing this theory in more classrooms such as the schools teachers have produced two books for teachers, Celebrating Multiple Intelligences and Succeeding With Multiple Intelligences and the principal, Thomas Hoerr, has written Becoming a Multiple Intelligences School in addition to many articles on the practical applications of the theory. (Multiple Intelligences Resources)The school has also hosted four conferences, each drawing over educators from around the world. (Why New City School)The school remains a valuable resource for teachers interested in executing the theory in their own classrooms. It is clear that Howard Gardner has had an important impact on todays psychology world and education. His persistence to challenge an educational system that assumes that everyone can learn the same materials in the same way has definitely made an impact in the world as many schools have recognized the different ways children learn. (Lane) Should his theory become more prevalent, who knows what out education system will be like in the future.

lala :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1999, Mary DeGenova and F. Philip Rice conducted an experiment to determine the differences between the covers of twelve popular men’s and women’s magazines. Fifty-four out of the sixty-nine covers viewed of the women’s magazines contained some message about bodily appearance, whereas none of the fifty-three covers of the men’s magazines viewed contained such messages (78). It seems that the media socializes women to value themselves according to their appearance and men are taught that being a man is about status and success rather than physicality (DeGenova and Rice 68). Karen Horney, a German psychiatrist in the early twentieth century, maintained that there is a distrust that exists between the sexes partly because â€Å"we all have a natural fear of losing ourselves in another person† (361). Because trusting someone of the opposite sex requires vulnerability, people are reluctant to allow themselves to be seen without the protective shield of indifference. After perusing the May issues of Elle, G.Q., Glamour, and Maxim, one could detect that women are taught to please men through their appearance and their sexual prowess while men are taught to use their fashion and their knowledge to appear ambivalent and independent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before one can consider the messages contained within the magazines, he or she must be aware of the media existing as a socializing agent. Magazines and other forms of Taylor 2 mass media transmit several messages that shape the way individuals view themselves and others. There are several perceived differences between the gender roles of men and women. Young children are taught schemas of gender that continue to be culturally and socially reinforced as they grow up; the children, in turn, use these schemas to process information about themselves and about others. Children are encouraged to assume the appropriate gender identity by being rewarded for behaviors that align with socially-determined gender expectations and punished for those that do not. Those who live up to societal expectations are accepted as normal; those who do not conform are criticized and pressured to comply. (Transition sentence) All four magazines viewed contain messages about the importance of style, but Elle and Glamour, women’s magazines, promote the idea that a female’s personal happiness is linked to her physical appearance. Elle contained an article entitled â€Å"Pretty, Please† which demonstrated various techniques of applying makeup in order to make a woman appear more beautiful. G.Q. and Maxim, men’s magazines, endorse style as a means of exuding machismo.

College and Tuition Essay

College education is a highly talked about subject among the presidents. For many years college education was not highly sought after or looked for, then when people who did go to college started getting better paying jobs than everyone else more and more people started to go to college. Since college is such a hot commodity these days the price of a college education is on a steady rise. Some experts have a very strong opinion as to why college education is on a rise and some believe that that it is not on the rise. To begin to understand this issue, we have to first examine the history and the context from which it arose. The rise of tuition is mainly due in part because the colleges need more money to upgrade and stay on top of the technology era. There are also many other reasons why tuition is on the rise though. One writer states that, â€Å"As almost every state reels from the effects of recession and tax cuts, legislatures slash funding for higher education, the largest discretionary item in most state budgets. † (Reed Jr. , p. 25). Another writer states, â€Å"A need to improve facilities, state budgets that are declining and inflation are all contributing to the rising cost of higher education, and there appears to be no end in sight. † (Gallagher, The Augusta Chronicle). This same writer gives another reason, â€Å"Universities, private and public, have to raise tuition to cover the costs of new construction, renovations and technological advancements and to keep qualified professors. † (The Augusta Chronicle). All of these statements show that there are many reasons why college tuition is on the rise, but they don’t seem to make sense to me. There should be other ways that colleges are able to pay for these advances in technology and inflation besides just hiking up the tuition cost. The tuition cost is so high that they have plenty of money to pay for all of the technological advances that they want and still have money left over for others things that the school has to be able to pay for from the tuition from students. In one presidential debate between Sen. John Kerry and President Bush, â€Å"Sen. John Kerry accused President Bush of under funding aid programs, while Bush touted college access as one of the top priorities of his economic plan. † Both of the candidates seem to agree on one thing though, â€Å"Going to college just keeps getting more expensive. † (Opening the College Gates) This goes to show that no matter who is talking everyone agrees that tuition is going to rise even more in the years to come. Later on in the same article the author states, â€Å"But while both candidates have offered an array of new financing plans, many analysts worry that neither man’s proposals will come close to what is necessary to make college more accessible and affordable for everyone. † If the candidates can’t make college more affordable then the proposals don’t make any sense. They should come up with proposals that will actually help student and parents pay for college instead of just making proposals for the sake of making proposals. Bush has made a lot of promises, but one that I hope he holds to is one made in the article Opening the College Gates where it says, â€Å"Bush pledges to increase student aid by six percent and will try to link federal aid more closely to academics by offering a one thousand dollar scholarship to Pell recipients who take college-prep classes in high school, along with five thousand dollars more in aid to students who study math and science in college. † If he holds up this claim then a lot more people will be able to hopefully afford college and keep enrollment rates up. On the other hand, â€Å"Kerry plans to give tax credits on the first four thousand dollars of tuition to all college students whose parents earn less than one hundred thousand dollars. The credit would cover one hundred percent of the first one thousand dollars and fifty percent of the rest ? essentially functioning as an extra two thousand five hundred dollar Pell grant. † (Opening the College Gates) I don’t think that this claim is a very realistic claim because there are tons of people who earn fewer than one hundred thousand dollars and there’s no way that the government could pay for everyone to get back four thousand dollars. College tuition has changed greatly from back in the seventies. All of the following stats were obtained from a website by Citibank. For a Private Four-Year University in 1971-72 it cost about $7,000, and in 2000-01 it costs $16,332. For a Private Two-Year University in 1971-72 it cost about  $4,500, and in 2000-01 it costs $7,458. For a Public Four-Year University in 1971-72 it cost about $1,900, and in 2000-01 it costs $3,510. For a Public Two-Year University in 1971-72 it cost about $1,000, and in 2000-01 it costs $1,705. All of these prices even seem high back in the seventies. Even though they seem high I wish these were the prices now. Almost every person that I have read has agreed that college tuition fees have almost doubled in the past ten years. One researcher said, â€Å"Average tuition at public flagship universities rose 9% this year, vs. 14% a year ago† (USA Today, Sep. 14, 2004). Another researcher stated, â€Å"Over the past decade, tuition rose 47% at public four-year colleges and 42% at their private counterparts† (Hempel, Issue 3885). This is a huge jump for just ten years, if this continues the tuition costs will be extremely high in a few years. They may become so high that their enrollment rates may drop because of it. Most of the colleges make money off of the tuition. The money that they do make usually goes back into the university for enhancements and additions to buildings. They also use the money to help stay up with computer technologies. Even though they do all of these advances they still have to have money to pay teachers salaries and be able to pay for scholarships that some students earn. Many colleges aren’t only raising the tuition costs, but they are also raising the cost of textbooks. According to the Washington Post, â€Å"The National Association of College Bookstores says wholesale prices of college textbooks have risen nearly forty percent in the past five years. † (Washington Post, Sep. 18, 2004). This helps to show that the colleges are gaining money from some other way besides just the tuition to make ends meet. They could also use this money from the textbooks to help pay for things that are needed for the school to make it better or help aid in the inflation. They could also use this money to pay for student scholarships. There are many different ways that families can help ease the cost of college. USA Today gives six different ideas to help a family pay for college. One way they say is called the 529 plan which according to USA Today is, â€Å"These state-sponsored plans offer a tax-advantaged way to invest  for college tuition and other expenses. â€Å" Another way is prepaid tuition plans, â€Å"These plans let you purchase contracts that lock in tuition rates at state colleges and universities. † The third way is Education Savings Accounts (ESAs), â€Å"Education Savings Accounts let you invest in mutual funds, exchange-traded funds or other investments for your child’s education. † The next way is Vanguard’s Education Resource Center, â€Å"You can use the money for primary and secondary private school tuition along with college expenses. † The fifth way is Uniform Gifts to Minors Act and Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UGMA/UTMA) accounts, â€Å"Uniform Gifts to Minors Act and Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts are in your child’s name, but you control the assets until the child is 18 or 21, depending on your state. † The last way is Roth IRA, â€Å"Ordinarily, if you withdraw money from a Roth individual retirement account before age 59 ?, you’ll have to pay taxes on investment gains, plus a 10% penalty. But you can always withdraw the amount of your contributions, without paying taxes or penalties. Withdraw more than that, and you’ll owe taxes on the gains, but the 10% penalty is waived if the money is used for college. † (USA Today, Sep. 14, 2004). All of these plans they list could be very helpful to anyone who needs help gaining their college education. Most of them need to be planned before a child is already accepted into college though, so if someone needs the money think ahead. Try to find another way if possible to not take out college loans. With a college loan the school gets a lot of money back on the interest. It may sound like a good idea at first but in the end will end up hurting you. A reporter from Newsweek has come up with five more ways that students can help pay for college; make your case, focus on the bottom line, prepare for the future, fill the gaps, and break down and borrow. According to Linda Stern, â€Å"Most schools that provide aid will reconsider their offer if you can show them you have less money than they thought. † The next suggestion she talks about is to focus on the bottom line, â€Å"The biggest award may not be the best deal if it’s mostly loans or comes from the most expensive school. † The third concept she talks about is to prepare for the future, â€Å"Ask the school to commit to a four-year award, and structure your family’s finances to lower your bill. † The next method she talks about is to fill the gaps, â€Å"Many schools will break down the bursar’s bill into more digestible bites. † The last approach she says that students can help pay for college is to break down and borrow, â€Å"At today’s low rates, it’s hard to find a better deal than a student loan. † (Stern, Issue 15). All of these ways are very good ideas to help pay for college, a few of them will need some planning before-hand in order to get the job done. As long as parents and children start thinking about the college of their choice before they are a senior in high school then they should be able to afford it. Thinking of ways to pay for college is a good idea but families should also be figuring out who will pay for college and how much. Most parents will do anything they can to have their child go to the University of their choice, but what most parents don’t think about is the repercussions. The author of the article Who pays for COLLEGE? says, â€Å"think of paying for college as a joint venture, with kids pitching in to give themselves a stake in their own education. † She then goes on to say, â€Å"kids can get a degree for a fraction of the cost by attending a community college for two years and then transferring to a four-year school. † (Who pays for COLLEGE? ) These are both great ideas to keep in mind for parents who are willing to help their child pay for college. If a child helps pay for college then they usually want to do better in school because they are paying for part of the schooling, so if they mess up then they are losing money. I don’t know too many students are willing to give away their money for no apparent reason to someone else. There is one author who actually claims that college tuition has not risen, and actually declined. The author of the article Tuition fees don’t tell whole truth states, â€Å"With grants at an all-time high and tax-advantaged college savings plans growing rapidly, the study’s authors claim that average tuition costs at public four-year colleges ? excluding room and board, books and transportation and plenty else ? have actually declined. † (Tuition fees don’t tell whole truth) I don’t think that I agree with this author just for the fact that there are too many facts to prove otherwise. I stated a lot of numbers earlier to show that tuition had almost doubled in the past ten years, and now this lady comes along and says that no tuition is actually cheaper. This doesn’t make any sense to me, but maybe that’s just me. I believe that tuition is on the rise and there isn’t much that we can do about it. If the government and Universities want to make the tuition higher then they are going to, no matter what anyone says about it. I think that the only way to deal with the tuition increase is to start saving money for college early in life and hope that it doesn’t get to high before you get there, especially since college education is so highly sought after and held in such high regard. If parents and children will just sit down and figure out a plan on how to pay for college before they are a junior or senior in high school then there should be no problem in paying for it. Works Cited 1) Reed Jr. , Adolph L. Majoring in Debt. Progressive; Jan 2004, Vol. 68 Issue 1, p 25, 3p, 2bw. 2) Gallagher, James. College Costs Continue to Rise Sharply. The (GA) Augusta Chronicle; 5/30/2004. 3) USA Today. Learn about ways to pay college tuition. Sep. 14, 2004. 4) Hempel, Jessi. College Tuition? Gumption Won’t Cover It. Business Week, 5/31/2004, Issue 3885. 5) http://studentloan. citibank. com/slcsite/slcframeset. htm. Citicorp. Oct. 26, 2004. 6) The Washington Post. Textbook Prices On the Rise. Sep. 18, 2004. 7) Stern, Linda. Congrats!? Now Pay Up. Newsweek, 4/12/2004, Vol. 143, Issue 15. 8) Ewers, Justin and Kingsbury, Alex. Opening the College Gates. 9) Bodnar, Janet. Who pays for COLLEGE? 10) Meyer, Michelle M. Tuition fees don’t tell whole truth.

Clashing Causes of the Civil War essays

Clashing Causes of the Civil War essays When dissecting the causes of the American Civil War, so many historians try to simplify the driving forces that one cannot truly appreciate the powerful and complex reasons for this momentous struggle. The causes of the Civil War are many, and not easily defined, but broken up into the categories of economics, culture clash, the necessity of war itself, and morality. The economic causes of the conflict are far reaching. Charles Beard claims that the wars problems resulted not from slavery, as American voters shunned both the Liberty party and the Republican party when their primary platform was one of abolition, or even of states rights, because many times before in our nations history have individual states found major issue with national policy. Instead, he maintains that the Civil War was, in essence, a social battle between the growing industrial North and the diminishing plantations of the South. Since the industry in the Northeast was expanding, the agriculture in the Northwest was tied to the Northeast through transportation and manufacturing, and fertile lands available to farm in the South was steadily decreasing, the delicate balance of equality began to tip, and statesmen found it hard to hold onto the fragile peace. As a common saying of the time went, The planters were after all fighting against the census returns. Foreign trade with Northern industry expanded, the farming regions of the West complemented this booming industry, the flow of immigrants progressively increased, the Northern population rose, and the free labor system threatened to push south into the slavocracy. Large plantation owners couldnt handle the stress in their confined region working with slave labor on land which lost more nutrients each planting season. In response to this growing stress, Southerners began to blame Northerners. Jefferson Davis attacked the Free-Soil party of having no purpose in off...

Review

Anthem Ayn Rand Critical Essay/Review AnthemWhen I first began to read this book, I was a little hesitant because the book was relatively short and at the time I thought that short books weren't really worth reading. The novel has about 128 pages but the text is quite small. Most short books that I have read either weren't very good, or it had a sequel to it which left me with anxiety and wonder because I wanted to know what happened next. I could never do that though because I didn't have the next book. However, there was no sequel to this book; it was all together in one very well written and exciting story.Anthem is a book written by the famous author, Ayn Rand, who has also written other books such as We The Living, The Virtue of Selfishness, and Atlas Shrugged. Anthem, in my opinion, should be the most famous out of them because honestly, it is one of the best books I have read.It is almost like the book reached out into my body and sucked me in. I suggest to anyone who hasn't read a good book lately to read this on e.The book is in such a different writing style that at first it may be a little complicated to keep up with it. Equality 7-2521 is a young boy who is the main character of the story. As you can see, that seems like a very odd and unusual name and indeed it is. In this story, a person cannot have their own name or independence nor can they say the word "I"; it is known as the Unspeakable Word. If you were to say "I", you could either be punished, banned, or even executed.Anthem has this mythic and ancient feel about it, Review Review Review Having been asked to write a review as an assignment, it was only natural of me to be pulled to the write something about my favorite past time; movies. As it is widely popularized all over the world, 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the Bond film franchise and this provided a perfect setting to produce the 23rd installment of the spy series; Skyfall. Daniel Craig, arguably the best Bond actor ever to utter the infamous shaken not stirred line, has his third outing as James Bond. The film kicks off with pre-credit action scene that culminates in a vicious hand to hand combat on top of a moving train (as if there is any other kinds of Bond fight) and climaxes with Mr. Bond assumed dead. I would not want to spoil the salient plot line, except to highlight that the circumstances do seem to drive our favorite hero to feeling a little disillusioned- and reduced to ordering a bottle of Heineken as opposed to his preferred poison. However, to the Bond fans, rest assured that he does not order this drink is a glamorous establishment. This opening sequence, coupled with a catchy theme song by Adele, serves up one of the best openings of any Bond norm. And so my hopes were extremely high, until the film thrust into what seems like an unnecessary blend of the Chekhov and John LeCarre slated into a conventional Bond film: undercover spies are in peril, there are chances of a mole in the organization, top governmental secrets have been leaked, Director M is facing both personal and professional threats and when Bond finally surfaces, he is feeling more than a little betrayed and shaken, not stirred, to his foundation. Everyone who has watched a traditional Bond film knows that there isnt any conventional rogue asset to blame, but a captivating arch villain (Empire, 2012). Javier Bardem plays the renegade asset with a couple to scores to settle with Director M. He seems to be particularly skilled in employing what seems like hundreds of well trained but nameless arms men whose primary purpose seems to be getting killed. The movie, directed by Sam Mendes, is still quite entertaining. The action scenes are well staged, predominantly the aforementioned opening sequence and a climax that involves daring, not only for the appealing Bond but also for Judi Dench and the grizzled Albert Finney. Ralph Fiennes is a superb addition to the cast as a firm but sympathetic bureaucrat. Bardem is pleasantly over the top as the chief protagonist, and the Bond girls- one nice, one naughty- are rather limited in their contributions to the plot. The jury is still out as far as the current state of the Bond series and Daniel Craig is concerned. Craig is a capable actor, but his portrayal of Bond is somewhat unpleasant and would not be entirely out of place in a spy film, say, on the order of a Graham Green or a LeCarre project. In the last couple of productions, Craigs performance seems devoid of appeal; there is little flamboyance to his one-liners and no delight when he gets to do what the things Bonds characters do best- that does not involve ending peoples lives. Current Bond films want to offer two viewpoints in their plots: they want to achieve a certain emotional and intellectual complexity to the franchise, while still maintaining an extremely pragmatic, though thrilling, action scenes. The challenge is that now there is a distinct sluggishness between the set pieces. Additionally, when one is given more time to critically asses the film, one can criticizes almost everything, including how many times Bond had the vill ain in his sights. However, the ending does provide a glimmer of hope that the Bond series will be back to real business in the foreseeable future- someone take the Heineken of his hands and get this man a martini, shaken not stirred.

The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare

The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, is a play concerned with the gender issues and social issues that were taking place in the Elizabethan times and are also resonating within our modern society. These issues include the subjugation of women, love and marriage and the superficiality which was and is, taking place in society. It is a worthy play, as Shakespeare expresses these concerns through the use of humour, parallel plots and deceptive disguises.One of the major concerns that are brought to light in this play is the intricate relationships and dealings with love and marriage. In society, marriage is considered to be a communal joining of two people who are in love. This is not always the case, as is shown in The Taming of the Shrew, as greed can have a stronger pull to man's heart than love. Wealth is always sought out in the play, and an example of this is Petruchio's reason for marrying Kate.Petruchio forces Katherina to call the sun the moo..."Thou knowst not gold 's effect." This shows us that Petruchio only wants to marry Kate for the large dowry that he will receive from her father, Baptista. This is later confirmed, when Petruchio enquires Baptista about the dowry.Petruchio is not the only person in The Taming of the Shrew who marries for money. After finding out that Bianca was wooed by Lucentio, Hortensio decides to marry a very wealthy widow. This is also another case of money taking over love. Reputation also plays a major part in this. An example of this is when Kate ties up her sister to find out which of her suitors she really loves. She is desperate to marry, and does not want to be shamed by being a widow. "What will you not suffer for me? ... I...

Strategic Entrepreneurship Centrol LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Entrepreneurship Centrol LTD - Essay Example The business expanded within a year and they were on their road to success with their first big contract of waste management from the Beecham, a pharmaceutical company and Marks and Spenser. In the last forty years, the company has diversified into various areas of environmental concern that are the need of the hour. The company is renowned for its sincere commitment towards environment conservation efforts and its contribution towards environment preservation is commendable. The company’s value system is ingrained in its long term mission and vision and can be easily observed in all its activities which are designed to promote awareness towards conservation of our natural resources. The entrepreneurial strategies of the company, has been developed through the years, which are critical to its success. They followed the multi pronged strategy which became the foundation of their success. Paper and cardboard waste disposal is a widespread problem and Heaps had the foresight to see a huge opportunity in managing the paper waste disposal, He was therefore able to gradually grow his business by not only increasing the fleet of the waste disposal carriers but made efforts to use the technology efficiently to upgrade the carriers to suit the demands of the changing times that reduced timeframe, cost and at the same time helped the environment also. The company’s use of the resources was the highlight which promoted its successful diversification into areas that helped to reduce the overall cost of the waste management, attracting more clients from the domestic and foreign market. The management acquired other businesses in order to provide total solution for the all type of waste disposal needs of their clients. Thus new recycling plant was started that was able to successfully recycle paper, metal, wood, plastic etc. and the

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abortion - Essay Example There is little freedom of choice for women who are experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. The women themselves usually wish to bring their baby to full term. Other powerful influences in her life such as husbands/boyfriends, parents and friends are generally the forces that exact pressures on her to terminate the pregnancy. â€Å"Eight out of 10 women surveyed after abortion said they would have given birth if they’d had support and encouragement from family and friends† (Reardon, 2002). Legal abortion enables fathers to force their will on mothers. Some women resort to abortion in desperation because they fear continued abuse. That fear is substantiated as women who refuse to abort have been subjected to serious abuses which have escalated to murder if the women still persists in her refusal. Murder is the leading cause of death for pregnant women and for what other motive could there be? â€Å"Sixty-four percent of women surveyed report being pressured by others into unwanted abortions† (Reardon, 1992).   Ã‚  Immediately following an abortion, the one(s) coercing the decision are relieved and seldom, if ever, give the inconvenient issue another thought. Women, on the other hand, suffer long afterwards, racked by overwhelming guilt and agonizing over their irreversible decision. This pain may last a lifetime as they are never able to forgive themselves (Elliot Institute, n.d.). ‘Pro Choice’ activists argue that women should have access to safe abortions, that ‘a nation founded on and dedicated to civil liberties could allow its citizens to resort to dangerous self-abortion procedures.’ That too is a false premise. Ninety-seven percent of women who have had abortions describe intense pain experienced during the procedure despite the use of local anesthetics. â€Å"Compared to other pains, researchers have rated the pain from abortion as more painful than a bone fracture, about the same

Ursula Burns Week 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ursula Burns Week 9 - Essay Example She always represents the views of her workers and encourages them all through (Lussier & Achua, 2013). This is considering that she wants them to achieve success in their daily routines and aims at fostering their great abilities at work. She constantly aims at gaining extra success. In this regard, it is true that she represents all the above mentioned behavioral components. Yes. I believe that Burns shows excellent qualities of a servant leader, which makes her fit the bill. It is not possible to leave out the fact that she was brought up by a single mother who endeavored to see her children become successful in life and live better lives. She managed to set herself apart from other individuals placed in the same ranks with her. Above all, Burns had a chance to do for other people what her mother did for her (Lussier & Achua, 2013). Based on my knowledge of Ursula I believe that she meets the criteria for all the 12 qualities presented. Narrowing down to a particular quality would only deny her the great qualities she deserves. First, she shows that she had bought into the vision of the company. Specially, Burns desires to see the company grow and develop into a bigger and better one than it has ever been before (Lussier & Achua, 2013). She hopes that her employees will acquire significant achievements in the company as well. It is true that Burns is an excellent speaker and gifted communicator. This is considering that she managed to climb fast the management ladder at Xerox on account of her exceptional communication skills. Above all, she is endowed with out of the ordinary ethical attributes and self-certainty. This is evident in the subject that she never showed any signs of fear her skills or knowledge. She consistently shared her mind and presented her individual ideas without any worry. Ultimately, it i s her confidence that enabled people around her to confide in her without a doubt. Based on the facts of the case, Burns derives her personal

Social Security Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Security Administration - Research Paper Example Social Security Act which was enacted in 1935 should be considered to be that starting point of Social Security programs. However, it was not until 1937 when the Supreme Courted proved the constitutionality of this piece of legislation (â€Å"Social Security History†, 2014). That is why this year was the first to witness the American government providing benefits to its citizens. In spite of the fact that the first people to receive these benefits were workers who retired, with the help of acts that were issue further in history, the scope was expanded to other categories of people. If one takes a look at the programs that are currently implemented in the United Stated within the framework of Social Security, one will have to note the following one. First of all, it is the oldest of them which is titled Federal Old-Age (Retirement), Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The next one is called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Then, there are several ones which focus on provision of healthcare services. The first of them is Medicare and the second is Medicaid. The program that should also be mentioned is Supplemental Security Income which has already helped a lot of people. Today with the help of technology it is rather easy to calculate benefits that a person is entitled to. Social Security Administration website contains a lot of calculators that will do it in no time. However, the basic algorithm for this is the following: a person multiplies actual earnings by index in order to get indexed earnings (â€Å"Your Retirement Benefit: How It Is Figured†). After certain adjustments are applied this number is divided and the result is how much money the person will be entitled to each month. Other than money that a person will get after the retirement, there are other benefits that ensure that a surviving spouse will be entitled to the money that late

Code of Ethics as a Leader Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Code of Ethics as a Leader - Coursework Example It is therefore upon my shoulders as the leader of the organization, to ensure that they stray as little as possible or prevent their straying from their sworn ethics code. The Code of Ethics that I developed directly addresses the issues of the senior resident's right to privacy and protection of their private information because I specifically stated in the manual that the caregivers shall be held liable for any and all proven violations of the resident-caregiver privacy agreement as set forth in the Code of Ethics that they signed. The use of the CCTV camera on the premises is a solution that I felt would solve the problem of senior abuse and privacy violation because the caregivers on my payroll know that they are constantly being watched and therefore, must adhere to the code at all times. They know that they will have to justify any violations that they shall be questioned about once it is caught on tape. As far as I am concerned, the CCTV solution ensures that there shall be n o violations of the Code of Ethics and the caregivers will never try to abuse their authority nor steal vital personal information because they know they cannot get away with it and they will be held liable for any and all their actions pertaining to the violations concerned. I firmly believe that in order to me to become an effective leader, I must lead by example. This means that I should become the living embodiment of our company Code of Ethics. I should always strive to be faultless as a leader and treat all the residents and their family members with the utmost of respect while also showing the employees that they are a tremendously valuable asset to the company by treating them with respect and equality with my position whenever possible. As the leader of the company, it is my job to make sure that they do their job right every time. The video footage will help me spot the errors in the employee actions and allow me to have an opportunity to call them in for a discussion of t he problem so that I can also show them an example of how I would do the job, allowing them to voice their opinion in the process and defend their actions without taking it out on their resident wards. I realize that I am creating a tall order for me to adhere to but the fact is that the employees who think about straying from the Code of Ethics normally thinks twice about doing so or regrets having done so once they see their leader adhering to the code regardless of the difficulty certain situations pose for him. It is going to be very important for me to create a happy work team at the residence because happy employees will treat their patients in the proper manner. Therefore, I must do my best to keep up their morale while on the job. This won't be so hard to do. It could be as simple as just giving them a free lunch once in a while or offering incentives to model employees at the end of every fiscal year. More importantly, I must ingrain the company Code of Ethics until it beco mes a mantra to them that they eventually work into their everyday lives out of the office simply because, it is the right thing to do. I plan to do this by holding seminars pertaining to various topics concerning patient rights and resident treatment. By keeping the employees abreast of the latest trends in senior citizen care so that they will constantly grow as a caregiver and understand the continuously changing demands of their

Foreign Exchange Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Foreign Exchange Derivatives - Essay Example ?rket hÐ °s been Ð °ccompÐ °nied by Ð ° lÐ °g in instituting regulÐ °tory controls thÐ °t would limit the destÐ °bilizing impÐ °ct of these new finÐ °nciÐ °l innovÐ °tions. Since mÐ °ny derivÐ °tives involve cross-border trÐ °ding, the derivÐ °tives mÐ °rket hÐ °s led to increÐ °sed internÐ °tionÐ °l finÐ °nciÐ °l frÐ °gility Ð °nd the Ð °ttendÐ °nt need for greÐ °ter suprÐ °nÐ °tionÐ °l governÐ °nce of derivÐ °tives. To explore these themes, I will use Ð ° monetÐ °ry theory of production provided by institutionÐ °list economic theory. From the outset, institutionÐ °list Ð °nÐ °lyses of the economic process hÐ °ve incorporÐ °ted the impÐ °ct of monetÐ °ry phenomenÐ ° on the production of goods Ð °nd services. Thorstein Veblen distinguished between pecuniÐ °ry Ð °nd industriÐ °l employments, Wesley Mitchell between mÐ °king goods Ð °nd mÐ °king money, Ð °nd John R. Commons between reÐ °l Ð °nd finÐ °nciÐ °l vÐ °lues. WhÐ °t Ð °ll sought to cÐ °pture wÐ °s Ð ° diÐ °lecticÐ °l relÐ °tionship between money Ð °nd mÐ °teriÐ °l flows. Ð s Dudley DillÐ °rd put it, under mÐ °rket cÐ °pitÐ °lism "the production of goods Ð °nd services by which we live is Ð ° byproduct of the expectÐ °tion of businessmen to mÐ °ke money" [DillÐ °rd 1987, 1623]. In institutionÐ °l Ð °nÐ °lysis, money is described Ð °s hÐ °ving functions beyond thÐ °t of Ð ° medium of exchÐ °nge. Money is Ð ° core component of economizing behÐ °vior under mÐ °rket cÐ °pitÐ °lism becÐ °use it serves Ð °s the numerÐ °ire by which gÐ °in mÐ °y be cÐ °lculÐ °ted in quÐ °ntitÐ °tive terms, Ð °n element essentiÐ °l to whÐ °t MÐ °x Weber cÐ °lled cÐ °pitÐ °l Ð °ccounting, or KÐ °pitÐ °lrechnung. PerhÐ °ps the most importÐ °nt function of money in the mÐ °rket economy Ð °rises from whÐ °t DillÐ °rd [1987, 1625] termed its chÐ °rÐ °cteristic Ð °s Ð ° speciÐ °l form of property. Ð  key feÐ °ture of the use of property is the power to hold or withhold. Moneyholders hÐ °ve the power to grÐ °nt or withhold Ð °ccess to their money cÐ °pitÐ °l, Ð °nd it is this Ð °bility thÐ °t provides one of the meÐ °ns through which monetÐ °ry flows mÐ °y disrupt the

Social Security Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Security Administration - Research Paper Example Social Security Act which was enacted in 1935 should be considered to be that starting point of Social Security programs. However, it was not until 1937 when the Supreme Courted proved the constitutionality of this piece of legislation (â€Å"Social Security History†, 2014). That is why this year was the first to witness the American government providing benefits to its citizens. In spite of the fact that the first people to receive these benefits were workers who retired, with the help of acts that were issue further in history, the scope was expanded to other categories of people. If one takes a look at the programs that are currently implemented in the United Stated within the framework of Social Security, one will have to note the following one. First of all, it is the oldest of them which is titled Federal Old-Age (Retirement), Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The next one is called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Then, there are several ones which focus on provision of healthcare services. The first of them is Medicare and the second is Medicaid. The program that should also be mentioned is Supplemental Security Income which has already helped a lot of people. Today with the help of technology it is rather easy to calculate benefits that a person is entitled to. Social Security Administration website contains a lot of calculators that will do it in no time. However, the basic algorithm for this is the following: a person multiplies actual earnings by index in order to get indexed earnings (â€Å"Your Retirement Benefit: How It Is Figured†). After certain adjustments are applied this number is divided and the result is how much money the person will be entitled to each month. Other than money that a person will get after the retirement, there are other benefits that ensure that a surviving spouse will be entitled to the money that late

Foreign Exchange Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Foreign Exchange Derivatives - Essay Example ?rket hÐ °s been Ð °ccompÐ °nied by Ð ° lÐ °g in instituting regulÐ °tory controls thÐ °t would limit the destÐ °bilizing impÐ °ct of these new finÐ °nciÐ °l innovÐ °tions. Since mÐ °ny derivÐ °tives involve cross-border trÐ °ding, the derivÐ °tives mÐ °rket hÐ °s led to increÐ °sed internÐ °tionÐ °l finÐ °nciÐ °l frÐ °gility Ð °nd the Ð °ttendÐ °nt need for greÐ °ter suprÐ °nÐ °tionÐ °l governÐ °nce of derivÐ °tives. To explore these themes, I will use Ð ° monetÐ °ry theory of production provided by institutionÐ °list economic theory. From the outset, institutionÐ °list Ð °nÐ °lyses of the economic process hÐ °ve incorporÐ °ted the impÐ °ct of monetÐ °ry phenomenÐ ° on the production of goods Ð °nd services. Thorstein Veblen distinguished between pecuniÐ °ry Ð °nd industriÐ °l employments, Wesley Mitchell between mÐ °king goods Ð °nd mÐ °king money, Ð °nd John R. Commons between reÐ °l Ð °nd finÐ °nciÐ °l vÐ °lues. WhÐ °t Ð °ll sought to cÐ °pture wÐ °s Ð ° diÐ °lecticÐ °l relÐ °tionship between money Ð °nd mÐ °teriÐ °l flows. Ð s Dudley DillÐ °rd put it, under mÐ °rket cÐ °pitÐ °lism "the production of goods Ð °nd services by which we live is Ð ° byproduct of the expectÐ °tion of businessmen to mÐ °ke money" [DillÐ °rd 1987, 1623]. In institutionÐ °l Ð °nÐ °lysis, money is described Ð °s hÐ °ving functions beyond thÐ °t of Ð ° medium of exchÐ °nge. Money is Ð ° core component of economizing behÐ °vior under mÐ °rket cÐ °pitÐ °lism becÐ °use it serves Ð °s the numerÐ °ire by which gÐ °in mÐ °y be cÐ °lculÐ °ted in quÐ °ntitÐ °tive terms, Ð °n element essentiÐ °l to whÐ °t MÐ °x Weber cÐ °lled cÐ °pitÐ °l Ð °ccounting, or KÐ °pitÐ °lrechnung. PerhÐ °ps the most importÐ °nt function of money in the mÐ °rket economy Ð °rises from whÐ °t DillÐ °rd [1987, 1625] termed its chÐ °rÐ °cteristic Ð °s Ð ° speciÐ °l form of property. Ð  key feÐ °ture of the use of property is the power to hold or withhold. Moneyholders hÐ °ve the power to grÐ °nt or withhold Ð °ccess to their money cÐ °pitÐ °l, Ð °nd it is this Ð °bility thÐ °t provides one of the meÐ °ns through which monetÐ °ry flows mÐ °y disrupt the

Amazon Long Tail Essay Example for Free

Amazon Long Tail Essay The long tail is a phenomenon whereby firms can make money by offering a near-limitless selection the term was coined by Chris Anderson, an editor at Wired magazine, and I feel both Amazon and Netflix have a long tail model since they can offer things that many stores don’t carry so there is always something for someone. (Gallaugher) I feel like Amazon has done a great job of using the long tail method and have a limitless selection of anything someone could ever want or need. I find that I can see things I have never even dreamed about. I only buy books there but it is good to browse. Amazon â€Å"Offer{s} a nearly limitless selection and something interesting happens: there’s actually more money to be made selling the obscure stuff than the hits. At Amazon.com, roughly 60 percent of books sold are titles that aren’t available in even the biggest Borders or Barnes Noble Superstores†.(Anderson 2004) â€Å"Amazon.com is a Fortune 500 e-commerce company based in Seattle, WA. Amazon was one of the first big companies to sell goods over the Internet. The company was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, and launched in 1995. They started out as an online bookstore and then quickly diversified by adding other items, such as VHS tapes and DVDs, music CDs, software, video games, electronics, MP3s, clothing, furniture, toys and even food items.† (Schneider) â€Å"Amazon took its long tail strategy in a totally new direction, offering its Prime customers (those who pay a $79 annual fee for free 2-day shipping) a wide selection of streaming movies and television shows, for free. The move is a direct slap at Netflix, a company that started with a focus on renting hard-to-find, long tail DVDs but which has moved increasingly toward popular blockbusters as its video streaming operations ramp up. Amazon will not have nearly as many recent and popular releases in its free offer as Netflix, but for people who are open to Amazons viewing suggestions its hard to beat free† (Wunker, 2011). This can show how the differences of how companies charge money for similar services can affect the long tail view. I feel that it is hard to have a long tail kind of company because of the competition â€Å"The long tail gives the firm a selection advantage (or one based on scale) that traditional stores simply cannot match.† This is both true of Amazon and of Netflix while Netflix can stream its videos Amazon has to send out its products by post. (Gallaugher) â€Å"The IT Department at Amazon.com also has a massive responsibility, as they oversee an enormous system that is extremely reliable. Amazon.com describes their IT group as â€Å"system, database, and networking experts (that) build and operate highly reliable, scalable distributed systems with terabyte-sized databases and infrastructure that can handle a massive number customers (Schneider) Knowing all of this It is used makes it easier for Amazon to fine tune its company and find the best fits for its customers. It is true that Netflix and Amazon have an endless stock and don’t need to keep them in house but in time Amazon will fully own the business as it expands and offers more products for less. Amazon is global but it is unheard of to use Netflix here in Korea. I actually can use different free sites to stream free videos since the copy right laws in Korea are a bit flexible. In conclusion both companies seem to be doing well in the long tail area but Netflix may fail in the near future unless it ventures out to new and different things. Amazon will crush it if they don’t adapt soon.

An Aspects Of Discharge Planning Nursing Essay

An Aspects Of Discharge Planning Nursing Essay This assignment looks at the communication strategies to support and empower the patient living with COPD, a Long Term Condition and their Significant Others when planning their discharge from hospital. This is based on Mr Smiths scenario, a 78 years old man who suffers from advanced chronic obstructive airways disease. It will open with the definition of the keywords of the assignment. It will examine the characteristics of COPD at end of stage in the first section, because this is what Mr Smith suffers from and will therefore determine the discharge package of care to be used for him. The second section will look at the discharge plan and the team to be involved in the discharge process and their role. Finally it will look at the importance of communication when planning discharge and the communication strategies to be utilised for Mr Smith. As a matter of fact, Mr Smith suffers from COPD, which describes the obstruction of airflow caused by chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. It is called chronic because it is persistent, and pulmonary because it affects lungs. Bronchitisis about the inflammation of the airways of the lung, while emphysema is the damage which affects the smaller airways and air sacs of the lungs. He has suffered from serious exacerbations as his conditions has been worsening beyond normal day-to-day variations and is acute, with symptoms such as worsening breathlessness,  cough, increased sputum coloured production. He is now classed as having end of stage COPD. Even though there is no accepted definition for end of stage COPD (Siafakas, 2006), the term end of stage gives the idea of the last step in the course of a progressive disease. NICE (2010) classifies COPD into four stages, Mild (stage I), moderate (stage 2), severe (stage 3) and very severe (stage 4). According to Leader (2012), end stage COPD refers to last stages of the disease. According to Global Initiative for Chronic  Obstructive Lung Disease  (2010), very severe COPD would have the following chronic symptoms: cough with a lot of mucus, severe breathlessness, loss of weight, skin colour becoming blue, edema attacking the legs and feet, Life-threatening COPD flare-ups and Lung malfunction. At this point, it should be kept in mind that Mr Smith is the first person to be involved in this discharge planning as his preferences must be considered in the process. He has to be empowered to take responsibility of his own care. It is part of the NMC (2008) policy that nurses have to listen to people in their care and respond to their needs and preferences, and get informed consent if required. Mr Smiths family members should also be involved as they are the ones to be with him at home. They can inform the discharger of their availability, willingness, strength and limitations. Involving patients and carers in the discharge planning process is actually one of the requirements of the Department of Health (2010). The discharge planning will therefore start with an assessment through spirometry tests of Mr Smiths condition looking into his complete medical history. The care providers should find out how much air Mr Smiths lungs can blow in and out. It is known that Mr Smith was previously admitted to the hospital for exacerbations. This means that a serious assessment of his respiration system should be done; with a look at the level of dyspnea. The discharge is based on his request, which means that he should be involved in the process. The condition of Mr Smiths daily activity can be thought to be difficult, because his medical history shows that his condition worsened and his house had to be amended to accommodate his needs, and that he now lives in his front room downstairs and has access to the toilet down stairs as well his kitchen/dining area. This means that Mr Smiths coping skills are very limited. Mr Smith should also be assessed for cardio vascular and other chest diseases and psychological effects caused by COPD. Mr Smith therefore appears to have functional problems as his exertion is very limited which affects his activity of daily living. So his discharge planning should include assessment of functional abilities to determine his ability to be independent in the future and the possibility of exercising. This assessment will help to determine whether he needs treatment for pulmonary rehabilitation and how strong and flexible he can be. This helps to assign the right job to physiotherapists. Several interventions have to be done in order to reduce risk factors (NICE, 2010). Donna and Goodridge (2006) has described a number of symptom burden for end of stage COPD patients: dyspnea, breathlessness with discomfort; burden of fatigue and sleep disturbances, which has impact on functional limitations of daily activities such as self care, household chores, and leisure activities. (Elkington et al 2005); feeling of social isolation and loneliness, depression and anxiety, (Lacasse, 2001), panic, fear, and frustration. Tranmer et al (2004) goes a step further to add feelings of worry, sadness, nervousness, irritability, and concentration difficulty. Finally the needs of the patients family should be taken into consideration, because they are the people to stay with the patient at home, and are therefore the patients advocates, companions, personal caregivers, and surrogate decision-makers (Selecky, 2005) Given the services to be involved in Mr Smiths discharge planning, one can correctly identify the process as a complex discharge planning as it involves multidisciplinary care planning and ongoing care. Actually, this discharge plan calls for a multidisciplinary team of professionals as suggested in NICE (2007). Even though the patient remains under the care of the hospital consultants while making the GP aware of the home care, this team of professionals will work with referrals coming from secondary care in order to care for Mr Smith at home. A respiratory nurse specialist will set and implement the care in order to improve Mr Smiths respiration. This will help to reduce any anxiety and fear. The in-reach nurse will educate, support and advise the different parties mainly patients, his relatives and staff and assess the various devices to be used as well as organise the followup and other referrals to competent departments and services (spirometry, chest checkup à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Physiotherapists will help with exacerbation at home to clear secretions and provide chest physiotherapy at home as well as advise the patient on breathing pattern and exercises that might help Mr Smiths mobility problems. However a proper training is required for nurses, because there appears to be a limitation in their knowledge and the way to deal with end of stage COPD patients. (Disler and Jones, 2010) The palliative care for Mr Smith should be based on the above symptoms associated with advanced COPD. Oxygen therapy will be needed, because COPD patients usually become hypoxaemia with the progression of the diseases. This is not a curative treatment, but it helps relieve the symptoms of breathlessness. However it has been observed that caution should be taken for the respiratory drive not to be suppressed by a lack of control. Here one has to distinguish between long term oxygen therapy which takes around 15 hours a day and short term therapy for other patients.   Given that Mr Smith has suffered from serious exacerbation, there is a need for Oxygen therapy, and a respiratory specialist should be assigned to control the use of oxygen. Since Mr Smith will be going home, and his need of oxygen is great an oxygen concentrator with a back up supply of oxygen cylinder could be a better alternative. A proper training for its use must be given to his careers. There would also be a need to include steroid tablets such as prednisolone in his treatment in order to reduce the extra inflammation in the airways. This can be taken once a day for 5 to 14 days. Dyspnea can be treated with the use of opioids which improves breathlessness. (Jennings et al, 2002) A 20mg dose of oral morphine a day also would be helpful (Abernethy et al, 2003). Airway Clearance Devices can also be prescribed in case Mr Smith has problems to clear secretions and mucus. High-frequency chest wall oscillation, or a  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡utter valve can be used with a positive expiratory pressure of about 6-20 cm H2 O (Ambrosino et al, 1995). Mr Smith should also be considered to receive treatment for psychological effects, as these have been observed in patients with advanced COPD because of the poor quality of life. Patients suffers from anxiety and depression due to dyspnoea (Bailey 2004), and this is said to be in the proportion of up to 90 %. (Kunik et al 2005; Norwood 2006). In this case, consideration would be given to antidepressants such as benzodiazepines, paroxetine and sertraline which have proven effective for anxiety and depression (Lacasse et al 2004). As NICE (2010) recommends, this treatment should be supplemented by spending time with the patient to explain why all this is happening and how it can be treated. This calls for the importance of good communication. A check up is also necessary to find out if Mr Smith is coughing, in which case Morphine and codeine could be prescribed. COPD patients also feel pain in the chest, which can have a musculoskeletal or pleuropulmonary origin (Leach 2005), in which case some analgesic drugs proposed by the WHO, can be used, mainly non opioids such as paracetamol and NSAIDs; weak opioids such as codeine and tramadol and strong opioids. But in case of infections, consideration should be given to antibiotics. At this point, Mr Smith and his family should be educated in the way medications should be taken to avoid nonadherence to the medical plan. By Adherence, one should understand an active, voluntary, and collaborative involvement of the patient in a mutually acceptable course of behavior to produce a therapeutic result. (Delamater, 2006). This calls for a clear understanding by Mr Smith of his condition (Johnson G, et al, 2005) and fitting the medication regime to his daily routine (Ryan and Wagner, 2003). This can be done if there is good communication. Communication should be understood as a process of conveying information and thoughts between different people, using written or spoken language and body language. Several scholars have found that communication is paramount to deliver good healthcare (Buckley, 2008), because both the patient and the healthcare provider enter into an emotional relationship. (Wittenberg-Lyles et al., 2008). It has also been observed that patients have a great need of information about their condition and that inadequacy of communication in healthcare would prevent good provision of care for people at the end of life. (Curtis et al, 2005). Actually while planning for communication, one can also include Advance Directives in the form of living will or proxy while Mr Smith is still stable in order for him to have a voice in his last wishes. Communication should be part of all those concerned with the discharge planning for a better understanding of who would be doing what, and this meets the NMC (2008) requirement to share information with colleagues so working as a team The nurse has therefore to avoid to create a communication gap with the patient, and other professionals, or say any misunderstanding in what they are talking about. It should be kept in mind that open communication is likely to empower the patient to have more hope and so dispel any fear they have (Davidson and Simpson, 2006). With such a view in mind, communication with the patient would help to share hope and prepare for death, or in Back et al (2003)s terms to hope for the best and prepare for the worst, and discussion of questions related to worries, concerns for the future, hope (Braun et al 2007) as well as information related to the outcomes of different treatments with survival chances given with honesty (Fried et al 2002) Empathy should be among the strategies while interacting with the patient, and the nurse has to devote more time to listen to the patient. (Edwards et al, 2006). Actually nurses need more training in the field of communication for patients at end of stage as correctly mentioned by Davidson et al, 2002. To conclude, it can be said that Mr Smiths discharge plan is a complex plan with a multidisciplinary professionals involved. The plan starts with an assessment of Mr Smith condition and moves to focus on providing education and reinforcement of the medical plan. The medical plan includes pharmacological details describing medications intended to alleviate Mr Smiths symptoms of severe COPD, as well as non- pharmacological ones related to the devices to use and control of adherence and coping skills of Mr Smith. The pharmacological part should include medication to do with COPD and the psychological effects produced. A nutritional assessment is also necessary. Among the treatment, aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation, exercising, community resources should be included. Communication should be a key issue not only between the professionals and mr Smith, but also between the professionals themselves for the good of the patient. All these aspects call for a better training for nurses, as a t present literature reveals that nurses express limited confidence in their knowledge and how to deal with aptients at end of stage COPD.